A peer-reviewed open-access journal Zookeys 659: |—185 (2017) doi: 10.3897/zookeys.659. 10717 #ZooKey S http:/ / ZOO keys -pen soft. net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae) with description of three new aviculariine genera Caroline Sayuri Fukushima’, Rogério Bertani! | Laboratorio Especial de Ecologia e Evolucdo, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500 CEP 05503-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil Corresponding author: Caroline Sayuri Fukushima (carolinesayuri@gmail.com) Academic editor: J. Agnarsson | Received 4 October 2016 | Accepted 2 February 2017 | Published 2 March 2017 Attp://zoobank.org/79A6393D-802 1-41 B8-BF 1A-2A3723AFECFB Citation: Fukushima CS, Bertani R (2017) Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae) with description of three new aviculariine genera. ZooKeys 659: 1-185. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.659.10717 Abstract The genus Avicularia Lamarck, 1818 is revised and all species are rediagnosed. The type species, described as Aranea avicularia Linnaeus, 1758, is the oldest mygalomorph species described and its taxonomic his- tory is extensive and confusing. Cladistic analyses using both equal and implied weights were carried out with a matrix of 46 taxa from seven theraphosid subfamilies, and 71 morphological and ecological char- acters. The optimal cladogram found with Piwe and concavity = 6 suggests Avicularia and Aviculariinae are monophyletic. Subfamily Aviculariinae includes Avicularia Lamarck, 1818, Typhochlaena C. L. Koch, 1850, Zapinauchenius Ausserer, 1871, Stromatopelma Karsch, 1881, Ephebopus Simon, 1892, Psalmopoeus Pocock, 1895, Heteroscodra Pocock, 1899, Iridopelma Pocock, 1901, Pachistopelma Pocock, 1901, Ybyra- pora gen. n., Caribena gen. n., and Antillena gen. n. The clade is supported by well-developed scopulae on tarsi and metatarsi, greatly extended laterally. Avicularia synapomorphies are juveniles bearing black tarsi contrasting with other lighter articles; spermathecae with an accentuated outwards curvature medi- ally, and male palpal bulb with embolus medial portion and tegulum’s margin form an acute angle in retrolateral view. Avicularia is composed of twelve species, including three new species: Avicularia avicu- laria (Linnaeus, 1818), Avicularia glauca Simon, 1891, Avicularia variegata (FE. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896) stat. n., A. minatrix Pocock, 1903, Avicularia taunayi (Mello-Leitao, 1920), Avicularia juruensis Mello-Leitao, 1923, Avicularia rufa Schiapelli & Gerschman, 1945, Avicularia purpurea Kirk, 1990, A. hirschii Bullmer, Thierer-Lutz & Schmidt, 2006, Avicularia merianae sp. n., A. lynnae sp. n., and A. caei sp. n. Avicularia species are distributed throughout Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, Copyright Caroline S. Fukushima, Rogério Bertani. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 2 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil. Three new genera are erected to accommodate former Avicularia species: Caribena gen. n., composed of Caribena la- eta (C. L. Koch, 1842), comb. n. and Caribena versicolor (Walckenaer, 1837), comb. n.; Anzillena gen. n., with a single species, Antillena rickwesti (Bertani & Huff, 2013), comb. n., both from the Caribbean; and Ybyrapora gen. n., composed of Ybyrapora sooretama (Bertani & Fukushima, 2009), comb. n., Ybyrapora gamba (Bertani & Fukushima, 2009), comb. n. and Ydyrapora diversipes (C. L. Koch, 1842), comb. n. from Brazilian rainforest. The subspecies Avicularia avicularia variegata F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896 is elevated to species status, resulting in the combination Avicularia variegata (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896) stat. n. The following new synonymies are established: Avicularia velutina Simon 1889, Avicularia exilis Strand, 1907, Avicularia ancylochyra Mello-Leitao, 1923, Avicularia cuminami Mello-Leitao, 1930, and Avicularia nigrotaeniata Mello-Leitao, 1940 are junior synonyms of A. avicularia; Avicularia bicegoi Mello-Leitao, 1923 is a junior synonym of A. variegata stat. n., and Avicularia urticans Schmidt, 1994 is a junior synonym of Avicularia juruensis Mello-Leitao, 1923. Species transferred to other genera: Avicularia affinis (Nicolet, 1849) is transferred to Euathlus Ausserer, 1875, making the new combination Euathlus affinis (Nicolet, 1849), comb. n.; Avicularia subvulpina Strand, 1906 is transferred to Grammostola Si- mon, 1892, making the new combination Grammostola subvulpina (Strand, 1906), comb. n.; Avicularia aymara (Chamberlin, 1916) is transferred to Thrixopelma Schmidt, 1994, making the new combination Thrixopelma aymara (Chamberlin, 1916), comb. n.; Avicularia leporina (C. L. Koch, 1841) and Avicularia plantaris (C. L. Koch, 1842) are transferred to [ridopelma Pocock, 1901, making the new combinations Tridopelma leporina (C. L. Koch, 1841), comb. n. and Jridopelma plantaris (C. L. Koch, 1842), comb. n.; the two last species are considered nomina dubia. The following species are considered nomina dubia: Avicularia hirsutissima (C. L. Koch, 1842) nomen dubium; Ischnocolus hirsutum Ausserer, 1875 nomen dubium; Ischnocolus gracilis Keyserling, 1891 nomen dubium; Avicularia arabica (Strand, 1908) nomen dubium; Araneus hirtipes (Fabricius, 1787) nomen dubium; Avicularia ochracea (Perty, 1833) nomen du- bium; Avicularia walckenaerii (Perty, 1833) nomen dubium; Avicularia testacea (C. L. Koch, 1841) nomen dubium; Avicularia detrita (C. L. Koch, 1842) nomen dubium; Ischnocolus doleschalli Ausserer, 1871 no- men dubium; Avicularia metallica Ausserer, 1875 nomen dubium; Avicularia rapax (Ausserer, 1875) nomen dubium; Avicularia holmbergi Thorell, 1890 nomen dubium; Avicularia aurantiaca Bauer, 1996 nomen dubium; Avicularia azuraklaasi Tesmoingt, 1996 nomen dubium; Avicularia huriana Tesmoingt, 1996 no- men dubium; Avicularia ulrichea Tesmoingt, 1996 nomen dubium; Avicularia braunshauseni Tesmoingt, 1999 nomen dubium; Avicularia geroldi Tesmoingt, 1999 nomen dubium; Avicularia soratae Strand, 1907 nomen dubium; Avicularia fasciculata Strand, 1907 nomen dubium; Avicularia fasciculata clara Strand, 1907 nomen dubium; and Avicularia surinamensis Strand, 1907 nomen dubium. Avicularia vestiaria (De Geer, 1778) is considered nomen nudum. Keys are provided for identification of all aviculariine genera, as well as to Avicularia, Caribena gen. n., Ybyrapora gen. n. and Antillena gen. n. species. Maps with records and information on species habitat are also presented. Lectotypes are newly designed for A. avicularia, A. variegata stat. n., A. juruensis, C. laeta comb. n., E. affinis comb. n. and a neotype is established for C. versicolor comb. n. Keywords Birdspider, Linnaeus, morphology, Mygalomorphae, systematics, tarantula Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 3S Table of contents TtrO@UCtIONE. fuel w cc ecang reser ae er eee Aron are son Reewrleree eh Rew yee ih React le, 4 Date tial Ate e MOS eA oie MER a ee len cil hoc Ue bet eE a PUREE Moed os dichl set oan he eAU ete Mos 10 CLaaistl GAIA S169. epee choy tee RED A ON hc Ot Aah eB Dk OTe Oe EE if PROTO Taya, fos evce a eee eee coe ee eRe ac, Set ok oe REI ERS Ss 9a nu trghey 28 Foiatly il heraphosidaeslborell,: EB OO ian. 3 cna ran Oe san TE SS A ono BP 28 Sublaraily Aviculanitrae SUMO, LOSI. 2..a!sisa loses encecediesiacelensaidadesentbaneadieeus. coevens 28 Genus Avicularia Lamarck, 1818............ccssscccsscccccsscccsccccsssccesssccassscccsseccseeceass 31 POLI ATIE AU LOUIE VIA ATA AG UB 9 Os) eon santas ceca a Geel cas tac 4] ADI ANI AIC ATCA OWA OW, FLOOR see xcccss obs re alarsbede HE odd Sel gavel sabee osulos 60 Avicularia variegata (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896), stat. ne cece 61 Avicularia minatrix Pocock, 1903 ...........ccsscccssecconseeconsseconsececssecccascccseacecssecees 70 Aviculariataunays (Wello-Leitaos, 1920) ook. .sectaseutspnesaite tahun teers dete detatn lected ee 76 Avicularia juruensis MeNo=Lentao, VIDS va.ceavceclantents doosueespoetdiapsoeting ot enooed ee 80 Avicularia rufa Schiapelli 8 Gerschiman,, 1945+. 2. cc.cccccerssenssuesscotbdenetaerecite 89 AVICUIaria PUI pUTCd Kitke POOO s xn scsssvas var ed, [et | rte es ULUNAN °T I i jo) oO IVISOD °T i je) I ion DULULD *T, }o[olo| }o[olo| }o[ol}o| Ouro [fo | DIUOPUIAS °T jo[o|t polo | t a O}LO}TO;O;O;O];O;O;LO}]O}]OoO;]oO I i O}LTO;}TO;O;OO;]O;O;LSO};]O}]O;]O ia ie UDULNION “7 : Td | te | SS Cs | ee SNUIANUL “FT ‘ds sniuaganvurdvy SO er Oe Oe OO OO dijo] s Oy ‘ds snaodougusy Pees) jersh | et] sete Alo;oy;os;]oyo VIVINIVUL "FT ClLO;o;os;oy;TosyAyLo;,os;A;o;o;os;A;Tos;A}os;yxn ‘ds puyjadoqwuio.gs DIIDAO “T ‘ds piuagpopi9a0g snuidjna ‘ds niopousvT ‘ds snyawolgg ‘ds puyadojdvyy SNILINUL ¢[ Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) 12 Dal (Oy | OSORIO | Oe yp’ SOE) eG rt et | ayo fyaya yaya yay syle T t c € 0 0 nL 0 AL OLOlOoOs;oysoyosy;so;yo;yo 0 0 0 0 t 0 0 0 0 CO;yq}/oO;ol;]o};o;o];n]o CO}/O;O;CO]O};]O;A]}O]xn ayo y aya ay AIT NI OI N S| ot |S, | Oo] GS: | Oe] OO | OO oO ‘ds snprqoouag Po[t fool Polo fo[ofofofofolo| roo fofofofofofofofo] naman rofofofofofofofofo[-fofofofofafolofololofolofololol-[ofofolololo, aT ‘(eYep SUISSTUT se poiest] UONIYIPOS yIoq ‘oyqvorjdde-uou = - ‘UMouyUN =;) ‘sIsdfeue SNSIPE]S UT sore1s JoIOeIeY JO UOTINGIISIp oy] SULMOYS XIV IEG *| BIGeL eee Fllle-lelFlell= e-lelll[Fl=lle[llFlell= ere FlllelllFlell= i=) ao 13 Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... Ieoeo BEOODOEOROOOEOG re [oe e|t{t[t]olo. |tlofo[t|t{-[ololz{tlolele]o leas mary opr fe fofe Poff =fofolo trl pole [= [oer -Jelz}elols| foloto[t|t{-jojolo}olol-jolt eal TE a. fepr[e polo IDR E = [oem -le]t]t]o]|o 0|/o]o]|o 0 0 | 0 ‘ds snyjanooqq -le]t]t]ofo lle cua T -| 0 ‘ds vugado ayy] | CEs OM | Ol Os |O O;0/}]04] 0 0 0 | 0 SNILINUL S| aes | toes | © 4. purpurea Hi A. merianae sp. n. @ 4. taunayi Figure 105. Map showing records of Avicularia taunayi (Melo-Leitao, 1920), Avicularia purpurea Kirk, 1990 and Avicularia merianae sp. n. (ZUEC 018); Monte Alegre de Minas [18°52'S, 48°52'W] (Monte Alegre [sic]), 1 male, A. Lourenco col., June 2005, ref. 95480 (IBSP 12780). Description, color pattern ontogeny and distribution. See Bertani and Motta (2013). Complementary description. Spermathecae (Figs 91-92): two completely sepa- rated not-twisted long spermathecae, with walls having lobes from median to distal portions and accentuaded outwards curvature medially. Midwidth expanded, about 1.5 times its basal and apical portion widths and weakly-sclerotized area shorter than half the length of well-sclerotized area. Palp (Fig. 93-96): globous bulb with small subtegulum and developed promi- nence on tegulum. Embolus: not flattened, lacking keels, 2.62 long in retrolateral view, about 3.0 times tegulum’s length. Medial portion and tegulum’s margin form an acute angle in retrolateral view. Proximal part very curved in frontal view; thin distal width, abruptly narrowing distally; basal, middle, and distal widths 0.42, 0.24, 0.03, respectively. Tegulum: 1.76 long, 0.96 high in retrolateral view. Cymbium subtrian- gular with subequal lobes, having well-developed rounded process on retrolateral lobe, bearing thick setae (Fig. 97). 80 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) Tibial apophysis (Figs 98-100): single branch on prolateral leg I, with well-devel- oped base and grouped spiniform setae distally. Male metatarsus I touches retrolater- ally tibial apophysis’ setae when folded. Type II urticating setae: 0.362—0.407 long, 0.009—0.013 wide in females; 0.840— 0.968 long, 0.014—0.020 wide in males. Color pattern (Figs 102-103): both male and female have long guard-setae on legs and palps not grizzled. Color pattern ontogeny. Brownish juveniles lacking metallic sheen, black tarsi contrasting with other lighter articles, and abdomen dorsum reddish, with dorsal cen- tral longitudinal black stripe connected with first two pairs of transversal black stripes (Fig. 101). When mature, part of the pattern remains (Figs 102—103). Adult females have abdomen with reddish brown guard-setae homogeneously distributed and black short body setae with spots of reddish brown short body setae (Fig. 102). Males have same abdominal pattern as females but reddish brown spots of short body setae are ill-defined (Fig. 103). Distribution. Brazil, states of Tocantins, Goias, Para, Sao Paulo, Mato Grosso, west of Bahia, Minas Gerais and in Brasilia (Distrito Federal), in savannah areas (Fig. 105). Natural history. A small population of A. taunayi was found at Distrito Federal, in a mountain area that had savannah areas mixed with anthropized areas with houses and farms (Bertani and Motta 2013). Specimens were found in tree holes within retreats similar to the ones made by other species of Avicularia (Fig. 104). This is a unique spe- cies of this genus in the bioma Cerrado (savannah) (Bertani and Motta 2013). Avicularia juruensis Mello-Leitao, 1923 Figs 15, 19, 76, 106-127, 307 Avicularia juruensis Mello-Leitao, 1923: 321, 377, figs 156, 188 (syntypes 4 females and | male, Brazil, Amazonas, Jurua [4°47'S, 68°38'W], Garbe col., 1902, MZUSP 125A—D, examined; lectotype male (MZUSP 125C) and paralectotype female (MZUSP 125B), here designated); Roewer 1942: 255; Biicherl 1953: 128, figs 9-11 (misidentification, probably a Tapinauchenius); Bonnet 1955: 831; World Spider Catalog 2016. Avicularia urticans Schmidt, 1994: 5, figs 1-2 (holotype female, from Peru, Krasa leg., 1989, SMF 38035 and spermathecae in microslides, SMF 58243-84 21/11, SMF 58243-84, examined), 1995c: 2, figs 1-2; World Spider Catalog 2016. Syn. n. Remarks. Avicularia urticans holotype is in poor conditions since the specimen died during moulting process. Its spermatheca is preserved in slides, but unfortunately it lost most of its natural shape. Despite this, it was possible to observe that spermatheca have midwidth expanded, about 1.5 times its basal and apical portion widths. Spermatheca morphology and overall body coloration match with large specimens found in Peru and Ecuador. Well-preserved material were examined and despite some differences in color Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 81 Figures 106-108. Avicularia juruensis Mello-Leitao, 1923, spermathecae variation. 106 paralectotype, Rio Jurua, state of Amazonas, Brazil (MZUSP 125C) 107 paralectotype, Rio Jurua, state of Amazonas, Brazil (MZUSP 125A) 108 morphotype 3, Pebas, department of Loreto, Peru (MNHN-AR 4902). Scale bars = 1 mm. features, A. urticans is indistinguishable from A. juruensis. Thus, we consider A. urticans Schmidt, 1994 as junior synonym of A. juruensis Mello-Leitao, 1923. Diagnosis. Females of A. juruensis resemble those of A. variegata stat. n. and A. taunayi by the spermathecae having midwidth expanded, about 1.5 times its basal and apical portion widths (Fig. 106). They can be distinguished from A. taunayi by the spermathecae lacking lobes (Fig. 106). Males of A. juruensis resemble those of A. avicularia, A. rufa, A. variegata stat. n., A. taunayi, A. purpurea, and A. merianae sp. n. by the tibial apophysis on leg I with well-developed base and grouped spiniform setae distally (Fig. 114). They differ from males of all these species except A. variegata stat. n. by its well-developed prominence on tegulum (Fig. 111). Males and females of A. juruensis can be distinguished from A. variegata stat. n. by intense purple sheen on carapace and legs (morphotype 2, Figs 120—121) or intense golden sheen on carapace and legs (morphotype 1, Fig. 122). They can also be distinguished from A. variegata stat. n. by the occurrence area: western part of South America, in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru (Fig. 76). Additional material. COLOMBIA: Vaupés: Vaupés [0°5'N, 70°48'W], low Rio Apaporis, Lago Toraima, Estacién Biolédgica Caparu, 200 m asl, 1 male, Col. Jaime Pinzdl (AP3-5) (ICN—Ar-2006); Putumayo: Puerto Leguizamo, Parque Nacional Na- 82 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) Figures 109-116. Avicularia juruensis Mello-Leitao, 1923, male lectotype (MZUSP 125B). 109-1 12 left palpal bulb 109 prolateral 110 retrolateral 111 frontal 112 dorsal 113 left cymbium, dorsal 1 14-116 right tibial apophysis of leg I (mirrored) 114 prolateral 115 ventral 116 retrolateral. Scale bars = 1 mm. tural La Paya [0°28'N, 75°49'W], Mamansoya (Mamangaya [sic]), 1 male, 21 Septem- ber 2001, D. Campos col. (ICN—Ar-1972); Amazonas: Leticia, km 2 Via Taparaca (trapaca [sic]), (4°12'19.25'S, 69°55'58.07"W), 100 masl, 1 male, Col. Est. Sist. Anim. Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 83 I-2002, 25 April 2002 (13001) CN—Ar-1970); [4°12'S, 69°56'W], km 11, Carretera a Tarapaca, bosque en interior de hija enrollada con casulo de seda a 50 m del suelo, co- leta manual, 100 m asl, 1 immature, E. Flérez col., 27 October 1997 (ICN—Ar-1978); km 10, via Terapacos, Finca La Arerosa, 95 m asl, 1 immature, Col. Est. Sist. Animal II.03, 06 November 2003 (ICN—Ar-2369); La Pedrera, Resguardo Indigena Curaril— Los Ingleses, colectada em el interior de una vivenda, em horas nocturnas, 1 male, Z. Cordero col., 24 April 2004 (ICN—Ar-6819); cerca de Leticia [4°12'S, 69°56'W], 100 m asl, D. Campos col., August 1997 (ICN—Ar-5002); BRAZIL: Amazonas: between Benjamin Constant [4°22'S, 70°01'W] and Sao Paulo de Olivenga [3°22'S, 68°52'W], 1 male, P. L. Conti col., 3 August 1972, ref. 9971 (IBSP 2829); Alto Solimées, 2 males, 31 August 1972 (IBSP 3389); Igarapé Belém, near confluence with Rio Soli- moes [3°05'S, 60°08'W], 1 male, B. Malkin col., 5-30 April 1966 (AMNH 1.29); Rio Negro [3°09'S, 59°57'W], 1 female, J. Coffey col., September 1994 (AMNH RW31); Carauari, left margin of Rio Jurud, Comunidade Esperanga, RESEX Meédio Jurua (05°05'31"S, 67°10'03"W), 1 male, F. F. Xavier Filho & A. L. Henriques col., 27 June to 16 July 2005 (INPA 4886); Pard: Breves [1°40'S, 50°28'W], margem W, Area 2, 1 male, J. Dias col., 2 February 1988 (MPEG 5398); Acre: Cruzeiro do Sul [7°37'S, 72°40'W], 1 female, S. Albuquerque (by photo); ECUADOR: 1 female, M. Baumgar- ten leg., 1994 (IBSP 12887); Napo: Parque Nacional Yasuni, Catholica Field Station (0°40'54"S, 76°23'9.33"W), 2 males, A. I. Ognato col., 15 July 1996 (CAS 6, CAS 4); Puerto Napo, 20 km east, Alifahui (1°0'S, 77°25'O), 450 m, 1 immature male, V. D. & B. Roth col., January 1994 (CAS 11A); 1 immature male, A. urticans det. R. West in August 94, V. D. & B. Roth col. (CAS 8); 1 male, A. urticans det. R. West in August 94, V. D. & B. Roth col., June 1994 (CAS 5); Puerto Napo, 25 km East, Selva Alifia- hui [1°0'S, 77°25'W], 450 m, 2 immature males, E. Ross col., January—February 1991; Avicularia sp. near juruensis det. J. Ledford 1997 (CAS); Pastaza: Tiguino [1°12'S, 7°51'W], 1 female, W. Lamar col., September 1990 (AMNH RW53); Morona-Santia- go: Los Tayos, (3°05'S, 78°02'W), 1 female, in grass area near mil. camp, in afternoon, 5 July 1976 (IBSP 12884); same locality, in hole in tree trunk live but part rotten c.1 m from base, 1 male (IBSP 12888); PERU: spermathecae in microslides, no further information (SMF 58257-84); Rio Bombo, alto Tapiche, 1 female, 2 immatures, H. Bassler col, January 1928 (AMNH Pe55); R. Marafion [6°24'S, 76°05'W], 1 female, Bristol [col.?], October 1927 (AMNH Pe5); Maranon (Marauon [sic]),1 female,1 im- mature male, Bristol [col.?], October 1927 (AMNH Pe96); no data, probably Loreto, INRENA confiscation, 1 female (UA 088/2004); Peruvian jungle, confiscation, 1 male (UA 098/2004); Loreto: no further information, 1 female, Collection Bluntschili-Pe- yes, 1912 (AMNH Pel15); Cashiboya [7°39'S, 74°55'W], 1 female, February 1927 (AMNH Pel11); Estirén [4°07'S, 70°43'W], Rio Ampiacu, 3 females, 1 male, 2 juve- niles, B. Malkin col., 15-22 May 1966 (AMNH Pe58); Iquitos [3°44'S, 73°15'W], 1 female, J. Huff col., November 1995 (AMNH RW51); Iquitos, Rio Momon, Amazon Camp (3°41'13.00"S, 73°16'48'00W), 2 females, 1 male, R. C. West col., 9 Novem- ber 1993 (AMNH RW35, AMNH RW36, AMNH RW37, respectively); 1 male, T. Mason col., March 1993 (AMNH RW339); 2 females, R. C. West col., 6 November 84 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) mature 118 juvenile 119 female with yellowish leg ring, department of Napo, Ecuador 120 female with whitish leg ring, department of Loreto, Peru 121 male, department of Loreto, Peru 122 morphotype 1, female, Peru. Photos: 117 Tanya Stewart; 118 W. Lamar; 119-122 R. C. West. 1993 (AMNH RW40, AMNH RW41); 1 male, E. Cooper col., May 1993 (AMNH RW43); Pebas [3°19'S, 71°51'W], 1 female, De Mathan col. (MNHN-AR 4902); Rio Tahuayo [4°53'S, 73°08'W], 1 male, W. Lamar col., September 1990, found para- site on forest floor (AMNH RW46); San Martin: Tarapoto [06°07'S, 75°57'W], 1 female, (UA 668/2005); Valley of Cainarachi, 40 miles east of Tarapoto, 1 female, 700-1500 m a.s.l., December 1925 (AMNH Pe54); Ucayali: Pampa Hermosa, Rio Ucayali [7°34'S, 74°19'W], 1 male, 1 female, January or June 1927 (AMNH Pe34); (Pompa Hermosa [sic]; Ucayoli [sic]), 8 females, February 1927 (AMNH Pel16); Rio Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 85 Utiquinea [8°131'S, 74°32'W] (Upper Utoguinia [sic]), La frontera, 1 juvenile female, H. Bassler col., 1928 (AMNH Pel13); (Rio Utuguinea [séc]), Peru—Brazil frontier, 1 immature, August 1927 (AMNH Pel09); Crenze Zwischen Peru und Brazil, sud Crenze, Beim Uberer Utoquinia, 1 immature male, “Scolopenda”, 10 February 1928 (AMNH 1.10); Rio Ucayali [7°34'S, 74°19'W], Suhuaya + Rean Rean [?], 2 juvenile females, 1 immature male, 12—16 December 1926 (AMNH Pel22). Male. Description. MZUSP 125C. Carapace: 15.23 long, 15.31 wide, 4.67 high. Chelicera: 5.60 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 15.92, 8.47, 12.61, 11.81, 7.31, 56.12. II: lost. III: lost. IV: 16.63, 6.87, 14.78, 15.72, 6.16, 60.16. Palp: 9.11, 6.03, 8.09, —, 3.51, 26.74. Midwidths: femora I-IV= 3.21, —, —, 3.08, palp= 2.23; patellae I-IV= 2.74, —, —, 2.60, palp= 1.91; tibiae I-IV= 2.34, —, —, 2.43, palp= 2.18; metatarsi I-[V= 1.54, —, —, 1.70; tarsi I-IV= 1.67, —, —, 1.93, palp= 2.06. Abdo- men: 16.66 long, 12.25 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 1.20 long, 0.54 wide, 0.23 apart; PLS, 1.83 basal, 1.79 middle, 2.96 distal; midwidths 1.41, 1.41, 0.93, respectively. Carapace: as long as wide; cephalic region slightly raised, thoracic striae conspicuous. Fovea: deep, slightly recurve, 2.27 wide. Eyes: ocular tubercle 1.05 high, 2.19 long, 3.22 wide. Clypeus 0.56. Anterior eye row procurve. Posterior slightly recurve. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.69, ALE 0.77, PME 0.25, PLE 0.65, AME-AME 0.59, AME-ALE 0.51, AME-PME 0.22, ALE-ALE 2.14, ALE—PME 0.95, PME—-PME 1.97, PME-PLE 0.21, PLE—PLE 2.47, ALE-PLE 0.54, AME-PLE 0.56. Maxilla: length to width: 2.31. Cuspules: 100-200 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: 2.51 long, 2.75 wide, with 87 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other on anterior third. Labio-sternal groove shallow, flat, with no visible sigilla. Sternum: 7.18 long, 6.71 wide. Sigilla: not evident. Legs: Formula: [V=I — —. Length leg IV to leg I: 1.07. Clavate trichobothria: 2/3 distal on tarsi 1, IV. Scopulae: Tarsi I and IV fully scopulate. IV lacking sparse setae. Meratarsi I fully scopulate, H—HI ?; IV on distal 1/3. IV divided by a row of setae. Type II urticating setae: 0.94-1.01 long, 0.017—0.021 wide. Palp (Figs 109-112): globous bulb with small subtegulum and well-developed prominence on tegulum. Embolus: not flattened, without keels, 5.02 long in retro- lateral view, about 3.0 times tegulum’s length. Medial portion and tegulum’s margin form an acute angle in retrolateral view. Proximal part very curved in frontal view; thin distal width, abruptly narrowing distally; basal, middle, and distal width of 0.89, 0.17, 0.03, respectively. Tegulum: 1.62 long, 2.72 high in retrolateral view. Cymbium subtriangular with subequal lobes, and well-developed rounded process on retrolateral lobe, bearing thick setae (Figs 113, 307). Tibial apophysis (Figs 114—116): single branch on prolateral leg I, with well-devel- oped base and grouped spiniform setae distally. Male metatarsus I touches retrolater- ally tibial apophysis’ setae when folded. Color pattern: carapace brown with golden short body setae. Carapace border with long setae the same color as dorsal carapace short body setae. Coxae, labium, sternum and maxillae brown, slightly darker than ventral femora. Legs and palps with golden 86 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) brown short body setae and brown long dark guard-setae. Leg rings on distal femora, tibiae and metatarsi whitish. Abdomen dorsum with reddish brown guard-setae and black short body setae. Ventral abdomen brown. Female. Redescription. MZUSP 125B. Carapace: 19.26 long, 16.94 wide, 5.22 high. Chelicera: 8.77 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 15:30;.9:13,11-5349292,:6.66, 52.54. Il: 14.2:1558.26; 10:39}-10:37,°6.25, 49.48: Tl: 12.99, 7.49, 9.86, 9.68, 6.43, 46.45. IV: 15.75, 8.48, 13.59, 13.19, 6.62, 57.63. Palp: 10.61, 6.74, 7.07, —, 8.34, 32.76. Midwidths: femora I-IV= 3.64, 3.71, 3.84, 3.45, palp= 2.84; patellae I-IV= 3.55, 3.68, 3.69, 3.62, palp= 2.90; tibiae I-IV= 2.97, 3.13, 3.00, 2.72, palp= 2.88; metatarsi -IV= 2.34, 2.67, 2.21, 2.20; tarsi I-IV= 2.89, 2.44, 2.80, 2.62, palp= 2.78. Abdomen: 24.29 long, 16.59 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 2.32 long, 1.54 wide, 0.1 apart; PLS, 3.43 basal, 2.14 middle, 2.86 distal; widths 1.82, 1.45, 1.28, respectively. As in male, except: Carapace: 1.14 times longer than wide. Fovea: 2.19 wide. Eyes: eye tubercle 1.15 high, 2.76 long, 3.56 wide. Clypeus 0.48. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.78, ALE 0.80, PME 0.34, PLE 0.75, AME—AME 0.64, AME-— ALE 0.56, AME-PME 0.29, ALE-ALE 2.53, ALE-PME 0.91, PME-PME 2.13, PME-PLE 0.14, PLE-PLE 2.95 ALE—PLE 0.66, AME-PLE 0.66. Maxilla: length to width: 1.70. Cuspules: 100-200 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: 2.00 long, 2.71 wide, with 88 cuspules spaced by one diameter on anterior third. Chelicera: basal segment with 10 teeth. Sternum: 8.69 long, 7.79 wide. Legs: Formula: [V=I II III. Length leg IV to leg I: 1.10. Clavate trichobothria: 2/3 distal on tarsi I-IV. Scopulae: Tarsi I and IV fully scopulate. IV lacking sparse setae. Metatarsi III fully scopulate, HI on distal 2/3; IV on distal 1/3. III divided by a bald area, IV divided by a row of setae. Type II urticating setae: 0.54—0.66 long, 0.014—0.018 wide (measured MZUSP 125A). Spermathecae (Fig. 106): two completely separated, not-twisted very long sper- mathecae, with walls lacking projections or lobes and accentuated outwards curvature medially. Midwidth expanded, about 1.5 times its basal and apical portion widths and weakly-sclerotized area shorter than half the length of well-sclerotized area. Color pattern: dorsal abdomen with long brown guard-setae grouped on lateral and dorsal anterior areas, and dark short body setae. Variation. We found two different morphotypes. Morphotype 1 is found near Rio Jurua, state of Amazonas and Acre, Brazil, and in some areas of Peru (Fig. 127). Fe- males have discrete grizzled setae in palp and legs, whitish leg rings and carapace, legs and palps with short body setae with golden and pink sheen, and abdomen with long light brown guard-setae homogeneously distributed over dark brown body short setae (Fig. 124). Males examined are not in good conditions but they do not seem to have white tipped setae on dorsal abdomen. Despite having yellowish leg rings, a female from Iquitos, Peru (Fig. 122) is considered as morphotype 1| since it has discrete griz- zled guard-setae and short body setae with intense golden sheen on legs and carapace. Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 87 Figures |23=-126. Avicularia juruensis Mello-Leitao, 1923, retreat, habitus and behavior. 123 morphotype 2, retreat 124 morphotype 1, female from Cruzeiro do Sul, state of Acre, Brazil, habitus 125 female swim- ming on Rio Momon, Peru 126 female swimming on Rio Maranon, Peru. Photos: 123, 125-126 R. C. West; 124 S. Albuquerque. Morphotype 2 is the most common morphotype found in the material examined and it was formerly known as Avicularia urticans. Both sexes have very grizzled setae on palps and legs, and carapace, legs and palps with dark short body setae with intense purple sheen, and yellowish leg rings (Figs 119-121). Females have dorsal abdomen with long reddish brown guard-setae grouped on lateral and dorsal anterior areas, and dark short body setae (Fig. 120). Males have white tipped setae homogenously distributed on dor- sal abdomen (Fig. 121). They can be found mostly in Ecuador and Peru, but a specimen with the same characteristic pattern was found in Breves, state of Para, Brazil. Remarks. For many years the name A. juruensis has been applied to specimens that have vivid yellow leg rings and grizzled setae on legs and palps, that are commonly found in the states of Mato Grosso and Rondénia, Brazil. They have spermathecae with mid- width not expanded, developed prominence on palpal bulb and leg IV longer than leg I. However, A. juruenesis syntypes have whitish leg rings and lack setae with conspicuous 88 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) ee — @ Morphotype 1 ia Morphoty pe 2 0 330 Figure 127. Map showing records of Avicularia juruensis Mello-Leitao, 1923 morphotypes. whitish apex on legs, spermathecae with midwidth expanded, palpal bulb with well-de- veloped prominence, and leg IV as long as leg I. The characters found in these specimens formerly known as A. juruensis match, in fact, with those of A. rufa. Thus, we conclude the name A. juruensis is being mistakenly applied to specimens of A. rufa. Color pattern ontogeny. Brownish juveniles lacking metallic sheen, black tarsi contrasting with other lighter articles and abdomen dorsum reddish, with dorsal cen- tral longitudinal black stripe disconnected from transversal black stripes (Fig. 117). When mature, both males and females lose this pattern. Distribution. Brazil (states of Amazonas, Acre and Para), Colombia, Ecuador and Peru (Fig. 76). Natural history. Silken retreats of A. juruensis are similar to other Avicularia spe- cies (Fig. 123). An adult female A. juruensis was reported feeding on a greater sac- winged bat (Saccopteryx bilineata (Temminck, 1838)) on the side of a palm tree near Rio Yarapa, Peru (Nyffeler and Knoérnschild 2013). Another interesting behavior was the ability to swim through large rivers such as Marafon and Momon rivers in Peru (Figs 125-126) (R. C. West, pers. comm.), which can explain why rivers do not seem to act as natural barriers to Avicularia. Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 89 Avicularia rufa Schiapelli & Gerschman, 1945 Figs 19, 50, 128-153, 300, 302 Avicularia rufa Schiapelli & Gerschman, 1945: 190, pls. XV—XVI, XXV (holotype female, Brazil, Mato Grosso, Alto Ji Parana [10°52'N, 61°55'W] (Gy Parana [sic]), Dr. Vellard col., December 1938, MACN-—Ar 845, examined,); Brignoli 1983: 134; World Spider Catalog 2016. Avicularia juruensis (misidentification): West et al. 2008: 37, 52-54; Ayroza et al. 2012: 2; Bertani 2012: 5, 79-80. Diagnosis. males and females of A. rufa resemble A. avicularia and female of A. hirschii by the leg IV longer than leg I. Females of A. rufa can be distinguished from those of A. hirschii by the non-twisted spermathecae. Females and males of A. rufa differ from those of A. avicularia by having vivid yellow rings on distal femora, tibiae and meta- tarsi combined with legs and palps with very grizzled guard-setae (Fig. 145) (from all morphotypes of A. avicularia except 6 and 7, but these have intense green metallic sheen on carapace and legs, absent in A. rufa). Material examined. | female, Brazil, Mato Grosso, between Vale de Sao Domin- gos [15°17'S, 59°03'W] (Vale de Sao Lourengo [sic]) and Pontes & Lacerda [15°12'S, 59°19'W], Operacao Coata, I. Knysak col., 14 December 2002, RGI 1963 (IBSP 10264) and 2 males and 1 immature female, Brazil, Mato Grosso, Operagao Coata col., 1-20 July 2002 (MCP 13592). Additional material. BRAZIL: no further data: 1 female, 1 immature (IBSP 2157); 1 female BSP 3170); 7 immatures, G. Raidar col., 14 May 1951 (IBSP 2620); 1 female (IBSP 4368); 2 males (MZUSP 22501); 2 females (IBSP 1393); Amapd: Serra do Navio [1°38'N, 52°12'W], 2 immature males (IBSP 3703); Amazonas: Ro- dovia Transamazdénica, km 530, 1 male, 23 October 1975 (IBSP 7895); Transamazéni- ca Humaitéa—Porto Velho, 1 immature, Dr. A. H. Hoge col., ref. 4102, July 1972 (IBSP 4102); Barcelos [0°57'S, 62°55'W], Parque Nacional do Jat, Lago do Miratuca, 1 female, R. Andriazze, W. L. S. Costa & L. Aquino col., 14 July 1993 (INPA 4884); Boca do Jacaré [5°45'S, 63°41'W], Rio Solimées, 1 female (IBSP 3110); Boca do Tefé [3°19'S, 64°43'W], Rio Solimoes, 1 female (IBSP 3104); 2 females, 1 immature male (IBSP 3099); 1 female, 3 immatures (IBSP ref.189); 1 male (IBSP 3101); 1 female (IBSP 3103); 1 immature male (IBSP 3102); 2 immatures (IBSP 3100); Boca do Tefé [3°19'S, 64°43'W], Rio Solimées, 5 females, 1 male, 2 immatures males, 5 immatures (IBSP 3104, IBSP 3099, IBSP ref. 189, IBSP 3103, IBSP 3101, IBSP 3102, IBSP 3100); Cucut [1°11'N, 66°49'W], 1 juvenile female, P. Serveira col., November 1975, ref.17.595 (IBSP 2569); Humaita [7°30'S, 63°01'W], 1 female, in silk retreat in a palm tree (IBSP 7932); 1 male, 4 females, L. R. Latorre col., November 1981, ref. 40348 (IBSP 4686, IBSP 4687); pottery and pineapple crop, 1 male, 1 juvenile fe- male, 1 immature male, 2 immatures, Dr. A. R. Hoge col., July 1972, IB 24.8.72 (IBSP 4099); Transamazénica, km 86, 1 male, 23 July 1972 (IBSP 4100); Puruzinho, Rio Madeira [6°52'S, 62°05'W], 1 female, EPA col., 4 December 1975 (MZUSP 90 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) Figures 128-130. Avicularia rufa Schiapelli & Gerschman, 1945, spermathecae variation. 128 between vale de Sao Domingos and Pontes & Lacerda, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil (IBSP 10264) 129 Rio Negro, state of Amazonas, Brazil (AMNH RW29) 130 Tomé-Assu, state of Para, Brazil (IBSP 3105). Scale bars = 1 mm. 27610); Rio Negro [3°09'S, 59°57'W], 2 males, 1 female, A. McKee col., 19 April 1989 (AMNH RW67, AMNH RW25, AMNH RW27); 2 females, A. McKee col., 29 June 1988 (AMNH RW29, AMNH RW28); 1 immature male, R. Mascarino col., 18 September 1996 (AMNH RW30); Tapera [0°55'N, 67°26'W], Rio Negro, 1 imma- ture male, EPA col., 4 November 1972, P. E. Vanzolini col., 722574 (MZUSP un- numbered); Tefé [3°20'S, 64°43'W], 1 male, 1 female, De Mathan col. (MNHN-AR 4903); 3 females, 1 immature (IBSP 193); 2 immature females, 2 immatures (IBSP 184); Pard: Belém [1°27'S, 48°30'W], IAN, 1 immature male (IBSP 3123); Belterra [3°07'S, 55°03'W], 1 female, 15 March 2003 (MPEG 4800); Itaituba [4°16'S, 55°59'W], Rio Maropa, 1 male, W. G. Ravem col., ref. 41844 (IBSP 8576); 1 female, dead 25 April 1990 (IBSP ref. 41.844); Obidos [1°54'S, 55°31'W], Igarapé Jaramaca- ru, Campos do Ariramba, 1 immature male, EPA col., 24 January 1960 (MZUSP 14873); Sao Felix do Xingu [6°37'S, 51°58'W], 1 male, 1 female, G. Whitaker col., July 1980, ref. 28300 (IBSP 4562); Tomé-Assu [2°25'S, 48°09'W] (Thomé Assu [sic]), Rio Acara Mirim, 1 female (IBSP 3105); Tucurut [3°46'S, 49°40'W], 1 female, Equi- pe de Resgate de Fauna col., Ref. IBA 218 (IBSP 8574); Vila Bravo, 1 female, Equipe de Resgate de Fauna col., ref. B410-12C (IBSP 8577); Acre: Rio Branco [9°58'S, Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 91 67°48'W], Catuaba, 1 immature male, A03, April 1996 (IBSP unnumbered); Mare- chal Thaumaturgo, Terra Indigena Jaminawa-Arara, Rio Bagé, Aldeia Buritizal, [8°56'S, 72°47'W], 1 immature, 02 September 2000, 9AM, Colecao de Simone La- deia Andrade (MZUSP 70947); Rondénia: Candeias do Jamari, UHE Samuel [8°45'S, 63°27'W], 1 female, W. Bokerman col., June 1989 (AMNH RW24); Jaru [10°26'S, 62°28'W], Santa Cruz da Serra, 2 females, Expedicao Polo Noroeste col., 23-27 De- cember 1964 (MZUSP 11065); Monte Negro [10°14'S, 63°17'W], 1 immature male, 1 female, 1 juvenile female, R. Bertani & P. I. da Silva Junior col., 22 July to 03 August 2002 (IBSP 10042, IBSP 10218, IBSP 10945, respectively); Nucleo Avangado de Pesquisa de Monte Negro, 1 male, L. M. A. Camargo col., June 2002, ref. 89431 (IBSP 1028); 1 juvenile female, L. M. A. Camargo col., 06 April 2002, ref. 89430 (IBSP 10205); Porto Velho [8°43'S, 63°53'W], 1 male, G. Insley col., 31 August 1973, ref. 12732 (IBSP 2454); 1 male, G. Insley col., 9 October 1973, ref. 12922 (IBSP 2483); Santa Luzia d Oeste [11°54'S, 61°46'W], 1 immature female, R. Mote- rani col., July 1999 (IBSP 9538); Mato Grosso: Alto Xingu [7°16'S, 52°36'W], 1 male, H. Schulze col., 21 October 1964 (IBSP 3693); Barra do Bugres [15°03'S, 57°10'W], Cia Paulista de Ferro Ligas, 1 immature, 26 July 1971, ref. 7624 (IBSP 4103); 1 immature, A. Cerrutti col., November 1984 (MNRJ 12942); Chapada dos Guimaraes [15°26'S, 55°44'W], UHE Rio Manso, 1 female, Faunal Rescue Team of Furnas col., 2000 (IBSP 9087); 1 female, H. N. da Cunha col., December 1976 (IBSP 13805); Rio Kuluene (Koluene [sic]) [13°22'S, 52°59'W], 1 immature male, J. M. C. Carvalho col., 1947 (MNRJ 13.773); Lagoa Ipavu [12°7'S, 53°26'W] (Lagoa Ipavi [sic]), 1 immatu- re male, 1 juvenile female, P. Vanzolini col., 1965 (MZUSP E3474 C3918); Nova Mutum [13°49'S, 56°05'W], 1 female, R. K. Ribeiro col., 06-15 July 2001 (IBSP 10929); Parque Nacional Xingu [11°59'S, 54°00'W], 1 male, C. Andreatta col., Mar- ch 1968 (IBSP 39A); 2 immatures, Alvarenga & Werner col., November 1961 (AMNH 1.19); Sao José do Rio Claro [13°25'S, 56°42'W], 2 males, M. Caleffo col., June 1997 (IBSP 10309); Sinop [11°52'S, 55°29'W/], 1 immature, 4 March 1977, ref. 20109 (IBSP 4455); Vila Bela da Santissima Trindade [15°00'S, 59°57'W] (Villebela [sic]), Rio Serra Azul, 1 male, Dr. Hoge col., 27 June 1962 (IBSP 3614); Maloca Feia, 1 female, Dr. Hoge, Pedro & Joaquim col., 27 June 1962 (IBSP 3615); Between Vale de Sao Domingos [15°17'S, 59°03'W] ([sic] Vale de Sao Lourengo) and Pontes & Lacerda [15°14'S, 59°19'W], UHE Guaporé, Operacao Coata, I. Knysak col.: 1 juve- nile female, 17 May 2002, RGI 074 (IBSP 10274); 1 juvenile female, Operacao Coata, I. Knysak col., 18 May 2002, RGI 086 (IBSP 10253); 1 juvenile female, Operacao Coata, I. Knysak col., 14 September 2002, RGI 1871 (IBSP 10262); 2 females, Oper- acao Coata, I. Knysak col.,1 October 2002, RGI 2527, RGI 2528 (IBSP 10241, IBSP10242, respectively); 2 females, 5 juvenile females, 3 immature males, Operac¢ao Coata, I. Knysak col., 03 October 2002, RGI 2299, RGI 2516, RGI 2313, RGI 2518, RGI 2300, RGI 2314, RGI 2517, RGI 2315, RGI 2316, RGI 2302 (IBSP 10232, IBSP 10224, IBSP 10246, IBSP 10226, IBSP 10233, IBSP 10247, IBSP 10225, IBSP 10248, IBSP 10249, IBSP 10235, respectively); 1 female, Operacao Coata, I. Knysak col., 05 October 2002, RGI 1871 (IBSP 10220); 1 immature female, Operacdo Coata, 92 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) Figures 131-138. Avicularia rufa Schiapelli & Gerschman, 1945, male (MCP 13592). 131-134 right palpal bulb (mirrored) 131 prolateral 132 retrolateral 133 frontal 134 dorsal 135 right cymbium, dorsal (mirrored) 136=138 right tibial apophysis of leg I (mirrored) 136 prolateral 137 ventral 138 retrolateral. Scale bars = 1 mm. I. Knysak col., 7 October 2002, RGI 1871 (IBSP 10230); 1 female, 2 juvenile females, Operacao Coata, I. Knysak col., 08 October 2002, RGI 1773, RGI 1774, RGI 1775 (IBSP 10275, IBSP 10279, IBSP 10278, respectively); 1 immature, $2, Operacao Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 93 Coata, I. Knysak col., 8 October 2002 (IBSP unnumbered); 2 females, 1 juvenile fe- male, 1 immature male, Operagao Coata, I. Knysak col., 14 October 2002, RGI-, RGI 1962, RGI 1964, RGI 1966 (IBSP 10256, IBSP 10263, IBSP 10255, IBSP 10257, respectively); 1 female, Operacao Coata, I. Knysak col., 01 December 2002, RGI 2526 (IBSP 10240); 1 immature male, 03 December 2002, RGI 2301 (IBSP 10234); U.H.E. Guaporé [15°16'S, 59°04'W], Operagao Coata, 2 females, 1 juvenile female, 4—14 October 2002 (MCP 13595); 1 immature male, 2 immatures, Operacdo Coata, 14 October 2002 (MCP 13598); 4 immatures, Operacao Coata, 10 June 2002 (MCP 13593); 3 females,1 immature female, Operacéo Coata, 14 February 2002 (MCP 13596, MCP 13599); 1 immature, Operacao Coata, 01-07 September 2002 (MCP 13555); 2 immature males, 1 female, Operacao Coata, 4-14 December 2002 (MCP 13594); 1 female, 1 immature, Operag4o Coata, 14 December 2002 (MCP 13597); Xingu, Suia-Missu [11°39'S, 51°25'W] (Tuia Missu [sic]), 5 immatures, Whytaker col., 05 February 1980, ref. 27055 (IBSP 4523); ECUADOR: Napo: Puerto Napo [1°01'S, 77°43'W], 25 km east, Selva Alifahuf, 450 m, 1 juvenile female, E. S. Ross col., March 1992 (CAS 9); PERU: Madre de Dios: Ifapari [10°57'S, 69°34'W], Esper- anza, 2 females, 4 immature males, 245 m a.s.l., average temperature 32.4°C, J. Mo- rant Araque col., 22 September 1992 (MUSM); Junin: Rio Tambo [11°10'S, 74°14'W], Shevaja, in short palm trees, 3 females, P. Hocking col., 12 October 2011 (MUSM); 300 m a.s.l., in palm trees, 1 female, P. Hocking col., 23 October 2010 (MUSM); 1 female, P. Hocking col., October 2010 (MUSM-ENTO 504260); 1 female, H. Bassler col., February 1928 (AMNH Pel21); Cusco: Cashiriari (11°52'S, 72°39'W), 1 female, S. Cérdova col., 25 November 1997 (MUSM-ENTO)); Cusco [department or city?], Timpia Rio Urubamba [12°28'S, 72°29'W], 1 female, P. Hocking & L. Cam- pos col., March 2009 (MUSM-ENTO 500676); BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz: San Ignacio de Velasco [16°22'S, 60°55'W], 1 female (IBSP 3552). Female. Redescription. IBSP 10264. Carapace: 17.53 long, 17.69 wide, 4.26 high. Chelicera: 7.70 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 15.59, 8.80, 11.42, 9.78, 6.41, 51.63. II: 14.52, 8.76, 10.23, 9.58, 6.86, 49.95. III: 13.61, 7.99, 10.21, 10.37, 6.14, 48.32. IV: 17.59, 8.68, 15.93, 14.81, 6.67, 63.68. Palp: 10.20, 6.51, 7.18, -, 7.48. Midwidths: femora I-IV= 3.69, 3.18, 3.42, 3.68, palp= 2.85; patellae I- IV= 3.44, 3.41, 3.36, 3.78, palp= 2.96; tibiae -IV= 2.89, 3.18, 3.02, 3.24, palp= 2.80; metatarsi I-IV= 2.61, 2.51, 2.82, 2.73; tarsi I-IV= 2.89, 2.93, 2.95, 3.05, palp= 2.95. Abdomen: 24.70 long, 17.11 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 2.73 long, 1.44 wide, 0.4 apart; PLS, 3.31 basal, 1.56 middle, 3.78 distal; midwidths 2.44, 2.06, 1.61, respectively. Carapace: 0.99 times longer than wide; cephalic region not raised, thoracic striae inconspicuous. Fovea: deep, slightly recurved, 3.52 wide. Eyes: eye tubercle 1.61 high, 2.71 long, 3.39 wide. Clypeus 0.18. Anteriore eye row procurve. Posterior eye row slightly recurve. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.78, ALE 0.87, PME 0.32, PLE 0.76, AME-AME 0.56, AME-ALE 0.42, AME-— PME 0.22, ALE-ALE 2.13, ALE-PME 0.56, PME-PME 2.15, PME-PLE 0.18, PLE-PLE 2.90, ALE—PLE 0.28, AME-PLE 0.64. 94 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) ~ ip 25K, 5 pcos d J y st ; 3 view 140 process, detail, dorsal 141 well-developed setae of process. Maxilla: length to width: 1.69 longer than wide. Cuspules: 100—200 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: 2.02 long, 3.41 wide, with 133 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other on anterior third. Labio-sternal groove shallow, flattened, without evident sigilla. Chelicera: basal segment with 10 teeth in a row and some small teeth on promar- gin. Sternum: 7.75 long, 7.45 wide. Sigilla: rounded posterior, less than one diameter from margin; other sigilla not evident. Leg: Formula: IV I II III. Length leg IV to leg I: 1.23. Clavate trichobothria: distal 2/3 tarsi I-IV. Scopula: Tarsi I-IV fully scopulate. Metatarsi I fully scopulate; II 4/5; III 1/3 and IV 1/2 distal scopulate. IV divided by a row of setae. Type IL urticating setae: 0.50—-0.58 long, 0.013-0.019 wide (measured from IBSP 10233). Spermathecae (Fig. 128): two completely separated, not-twisted long spermathe- cae, with walls lacking projections or lobes and accentuated outwards curvature medi- ally. Midwidth as wide as its base width and weakly-sclerotized area shorter than half the length of well-sclerotized area. Color pattern (Fig. 145): carapace brown with golden short body setae with sligthtly purple sheen. Carapace border with long setae the same color as dorsal carapace short body setae. Coxae, labium, sternum and maxillae darker than ventral femora. Legs and palps with brown short body setae having pink sheen and brown long guard-setae with darker Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 95 base and contrasting whitish apex. Leg rings on distal femora, tibiae and and metatarsi vivid yellow (Fig. 300). Abdomen with long greyish brown guard-setae grouped on lateral and dorsal anterior areas and dark short body setae (Fig. 302). Abdomen venter brown. Male. Description. MCP 13592 (larger specimen). Carapace: 14.15 long, 14.45 wide, 3.3 high. Chelicera: 6.6 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): [213-5637.50,, VG/2 1.465.755, 5 74. 13-025 716,; 114 1526.45; 48:92. 11: 13.44, 6.45, 10.55, 11.46, 6.66, 48.59. IV: 18.14, 7.35, 14.16, 13.55, 8.15, 61.65. Palp: 3.62, 3.45, 8.51, —, 3.54, 19.12. Midwidths: femora I-IV= 2.62, 3.07, 2.65, 5.56; palp= 2.16; patellae I-IV= 3.50, 3.15, 2.56, 2.66, palp= 2.42; tibiae I-IV= 2.66, 2.25, 2.26, 2.46, palp= 2.15; metatarsi I-IV= 1.67, 1.75, 1.70, 1.13; tarsi I-IV= 2.12, 2.15, 2.26, 2.33. palp= 2.16. Abdomen: 19.07 long, 13.05 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 1.90 long, 0.98 wide, 0.2 apart; PLS, 2.70 basal, 1.40 middle, 2.95 distal; midwidths 1.50, 1.40, 1.16 respectively. As in female, except: Carapace: 0.98 times longer than wide. Fovea: 2.55 wide. Eyes: eye tubercle 1.3 high, 2.56 long, 3.00 wide. Clypeus 0.34. Eye size and inter- distances: AME 0.75, ALE 0.80, PME 0.28, PLE 0.50, AME—AME 0.58, AME—ALE 0.37, AME-PME 0.19, ALE—ALE 1.92, ALE-PME 0.63, PME-PME 1.92, PME- PLE 0.11, PLE—PLE 2.39, ALE—PLE 0.31, AME-—PLE 0.52. Ratio of the eye group width to length 1.84. Maxilla: length to width: 1.94. Labium: 1.79 long, 2.45 wide, with 109 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other on anterior third. Chelicera: basal segment with 12 teeth in a row and some small teeth on promar- gin. Sternum: 7.72 long, 6.44 wide. Sigilla: anterior rounded, middle fusiform, both less than one diameter from margin. Legs: Length leg IV to leg I: 1.19. Scopula: Tarsi I-IV fully scopulate. Metatarsi I-II 3/4; II 1/2, IV 1/3 distal scopulate. IV divided by a bald area. Type II urticating setae: 1.01—1.11 long, 0.021—0.023 wide. Palp (Figs 131-134): globous bulb with small subtegulum and developed promi- nence on tegulum. Embolus: not flattened, lacking keels, 4.38 long in retrolateral view, about 3 times tegulum’s length. Medial portion and tegulum’s margin form an acute angle in retrolateral view. Proximal part very curved in frontal view; thin distal width, abruptly narrowing distally; basal, middle, and distal width, 0.45, 0.24, 0.12, respectively. Tegulum: 2.68 long, 1.57 high in retrolateral view. Cymbium subtrian- gular with subequal lobes, having a well-developed rounded process on retrolateral lobe, bearing thick setae (Fig. 135, 139-141). Tibial apophysis (Figs 136-138): single branch on prolateral leg I, with well-developed base and grouped spiniform setae distally. Male metatarsus I touches retrolaterally tibial apophysis’ setae when folded. Coloration (Fig. 146): abdomen with long greyish brown guard-setae homogeneously distributed and dark short body setae. Abdomen venter brown. Color pattern ontogeny. Brownish juveniles lacking metallic sheen, black tarsi contrasting with other lighter articles (Fig. 142) and abdomen dorsum reddish, with 96 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) (nee rss Figures 142-147. Avicularia rufa Schiapelli & Gerschman, 1945, habitus and retreat. 142 immature 143 juvenile 144 old juvenile 145 female 146 male 147 retreat on bromelid. Photos: 142-145, 147 R. Bertani; 146 W. Bokermann. dorsal central longitudinal black stripe disconnected from transversal black stripes (Fig. 143). When mature, both males and females lose this pattern (Figs 145-146). Distribution. Brazil (states of Amazonas, Amapa, Para, Acre, Rondénia and Mato Grosso), Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia (Fig. 50). Natural history. In northern region of Brazil, such as in state of Rondénia, speci- mens are commonly found in babacu palms (Fig. 148). They build their retreats in palm axis or using underside of the palms leaves (Figs 149-150, 152). They can also build retreats over larger tree bark (Fig. 151) or inside bromeliads (Fig. 147). Speci- mens are usually found on human-made structures, such as on houses and other build- ings (Fig. 153). Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 97 Figures 148-153. Avicularia rufa Schiapelli & Gerschman, 1945, habitat and retreats. 148 Babacu palms, a common habitat of A. rufa in state of Rondénia, Brazil 149 retreat of immature on a palm tree 150 detail of retreat 151 retreat over a tree bark 152 use of intern side of babacu palm to build retreat 153 in human buildings. Photos: 148-152 R. Bertani; 153 C. S. Fukushima. 98 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) Avicularia purpurea Kirk, 1990 Figs 19, 105, 154-172, 304 Avicularia purpurea Kirk, 1990: 15, figs 1-5 (holotype female, Ecuador, Tena [0°58'S, 77°48'W], approximately 500 ma.s.l., H. Hirschi col., 1989, BMNH 1990.5.22.1 and paratype female, Peru, H. Hirschi col., 1990, BMNH 1990.5.22.2; exam- ined); Bullmer et al. 2006: 7, figs 16-19, 21; World Spider Catalog 2016. Diagnosis. Females of A. purpurea resemble those of A. merianae sp. n. by the sper- mathecae with weakly-sclerotized area at least same length of well-sclerotized area (Figs 154-157). They differ from A. merianae sp. n. by the velvety black abdomen as well as legs and palps with dark short body setae with very intense purple sheen (Figs 168, 170). Males of A. purpurea resemble those of A. avicularia, A. rufa. A. juruensis, A. variegata stat. n., A. taunayi, and A. merianae sp. n. by tibial apophysis on leg I with well-developed base and grouped spiniform setae distally (Fig. 163). They can be dis- tinguished from all these species except A. merianae sp. n. by cymbium lacking well- developed process on retrolateral lobe (Fig. 162). It differs from A. merianae sp. n. by velvety black abdomen, and legs and palps with dark short body setae with very intense purple sheen (Figs 169, 171). Material examinad. | female, Ecuador, Napo, 20 km East of Puerto Napo, Alifa- hui (1°0'S, 77°25'W), 450 m, V. D. & B. Roth col., January 1994 (CAS 11); 1 male, Ecuador, Napo, 25 km East of Puerto Napo [1°01'S, 77°43'W], jungle Alifahui, 450 m, E. S. Ross col, January—February 1991 (CAS 3). Additional material. COLOMBIA: Putumayo: Mocoa [1°09'N, 76°39'W], Vda. Pepino, 500 m asl, 1 female, T. Sanjuan col., 30 April 1997 (ICN—Ar-1990); ECUA- DOR: Napo: Puerto Napo, 20 km East, Alifahut (1°0'S, 77°25'W), 450 m, 1 male, V. D. & B. Roth col., June 1994 (CAS 7); [1°01'S, 77°43'W], 1 male, V. Roth col., June 1994 (AMNH RW52); Rio Napo [2°00'S, 74°20'W], 1 female, Gerhard col., 1994 (IBSP 11597); Tena, Cabafias Alifahui (1°02'54.00"S, 77°36'05.00"W), 1 female, R. Baxter col., August 1994, in silk retreat on side of tree (AMNH RW54); PERU: Loreto: Iquitos, Rio Momon, Amazon Camp (3°41'16.00"S, 73°16'48"W), T. Mason col., May 1994 (AMNH RW33); 1 male, W. Lamar col., 20 August 1997 (MNRJ 06913); Rio Yarapa [4°31'S, 73°22'W], 1 female, R. C. West col., 16 November 1993, in a palm tree at night (AMNH RW44); Rio Nanay [3°48'S, 73°23'W], 1 female, R. C. West col., 5 November 1993 (AMNH RW45); Ucayali Rio Ucayali [7°34'S, 74°20'W], 1 female, R. C. West col., 14 November 1993, in silk retreat on a citrus tree (AMNH RW48). Female. Redescription. CAS. Carapace: 15.4 long, 14.02 wide, 3.98 high. Cheli- cera: 5.38 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 11.69, 7.20, 8.425, 51 230.890.746.847, 99.713) A288, 37 el: Pe 9I90-/.199, 7.15, 4.42, 34.58. IV: 12.08, 6.47, 10.14, 9.51, 4.31, 42.51. Palp: 8.10, 5.10, 4.72, -, 5.41, 23.33. Midwidths: femora I-IV= 2.81, 3.08, 3.07, 2.90, palp= 2.38; patellae I- Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 99 i, _ _ ots ie” Figures 154-157. Avicularia purpurea Kirk, 1990, spermathecae variation. 154 Puerto Napo, department of Napo, Ecuador (CAS 11) 155 Tena, department of Napo, Ecuador (AMNH RW54) 156 holotype, Tena, department of Napo, Ecuador (BMNH 1990.5.22.1) 157 Iquitos, department of Loreto, Peru (AMNH RW33). Scale bars = 1 mm. IV= 2.95, 2.70, 2.87, 2.98, palp= 2.57; tibiae -IV= 2.39, 2.30, 2.56, 2.82, palp= 2.49; metatarsi I-IV = A192 5172, 1.86, Je Petarsil IV =2 8 2195 2012 1 3x palp=2.36. Abdomen: 19.26 long, 13.62 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 1.81 long, 1.19 wide, 1.07 apart; PLS, 2.28 basal, 1.09 middle, 2.74 distal; midwidths 2.38, 1.78, 1.41, respectively. Carapace: 1.10 times longer than wide; cephalic region moderately raised, thoracic striae conspicuous. Fovea: deep, recurve, 2.03 wide. Eyes: eye tubercle 1.17 high, 2.21 long, 3.43 wide. Clypeus 0.12. Anterior row of eye procurve. Posterior row of eyes slightly recurve. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 100 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) 162 Figures 158-165. Avicularia purpurea Kirk, 1990, male (CAS 3; except palpal bulb in prolateral view, CAS 7). 158—161 left palpal bulb 158 prolateral 159 retrolateral 160 frontal 161 dorsal 162 left cymbium, dorsal 163-165 left tibial apophysis of leg I 163 prolateral 164 ventral 165 retrolateral. Scale bars = 1 mm. 0.75, ALE 0.72, PME 0.27, PLE 0.62, AME-AME 0.6, AME-ALE 0.47, AME-PME 0.25, ALE-ALE 2.19, ALE-PME 0.63, PME-PME 2.06, PME-PLE 0.23, PLE-PLE 2.67, ALE-PLE 0.48, AME-PLE 0.67. Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 101 Maxilla length to width: 1.89. Cuspules: 100-200 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: 2.03 long, 2.46 wide, with 108 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other on anterior half. Labio-sternal groove shallow and flattened, sigilla not evident. Chelicera: basal segment with 14 teeth and some small teeth on promargin. Ster- num: 7.56 long, 6.27 wide. Sigilla: three pairs, elipsoidal posterior, in 45°angle, less than one diameter from margin; fusiform median, less than one diameter from margin; anterior not evident. Legs: Formula: IV=I II III. Length leg IV to leg I: 1.07. Clavate trichobothria: distal 1/2 of tarsi I-IV. Scopula: Tarsi I-IV fully scopulate, IV divided by a wide band of setae. Metatarsi I-II fully scopulate; III on distal 2/3; IV, on distal 1/3. IV divided by wide band of setae. Type II urticating setae: 0.53-0.58 long, 0.011—0.014 wide. Spermathecae (Fig. 154): two completely separated, not-twisted long spermathe- cae, with walls lacking projections or lobes and accentuated outwards curvature me- dially. Midwidth as wide as its base width and weakly-sclerotized area at least same length of well-sclerotized area. Color pattern (Figs 168): carapace brown with golden short body setae with very intense purple sheen. Carapace border with long setae the same color as dorsal cara- pace short body setae. Coxae, labium, sternum and maxillae brown, with the same color of ventral femora. All ventral parts, specially sternum, covered by longer setae. Legs and palps with brown short body setae with very intense purple sheen and brown long guard-setae. Leg rings on distal femora, tibiae and metatarsi whitish. Abdomen dorsum with long brown guard-setae homogeneously distributed and black short body setae, with velvety aspect (Fig. 304). Abdomen venter brown. Male. Description. CAS. Carapace: 11.98 long, 10.74 wide, 2.85 high. Chelicera: 3.79 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 12.59, 6.43, 9.70, 9.13, 5.68, 43.53. II: 11.82, 5.86, 9.35, 8.78, 5.18, 40.99. III: 10.47, 5.26, 8.36, 8.54, 4.77, 37.40. IV: 13.16, 5.27, 11.04, 11.25, 4.68, 45.40. Palp: 6.97, 4.35, 5.55, —, 2.32, 19.15. Midwidths: femora I-IV= 2.08, 2.49, 2.18, 2.20, palp= 1.71; patellae I-IV= DDD DON BP V5 e728, palp= 1.68; tibiae I-IV= 1.64, 1.73, 1.86, 1.89, palp= 1.65; metatarsi I-IV= 1.35, 1.31, 1.25, 1.23; tarsi I-IV= 1.63, 1.58, 1.65, 1.53, palp= 1.69. Abdomen: 13.09 long, 7.88 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 1.57 long, 0.79 wide, 0.29 apart; PLS, 2.00 basal, 1.12 middle, 2.78 distal; midwidths 1.42, 1.29, 0.92, respectively. As in female, except: Carapace: 1.12 times longer than wide; cephalic region not raised, thoracic striae inconspicuous. Fovea: straight, 1.14 wide. Eyes: eye tubercle 0.60 high, 1.73 long, 2.54 wide. Clypeus 0.30. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.58, ALE 0.67, PME 0.22, PLE 0.42, AME—AME 0.48, AME-— ALE 0.36, AME-PME 0.20, ALE-ALE 1.66, ALE-PME 0.74, PME-PME 1.52, PME-PLE 0.07, PLE—PLE 1.95, ALE—PLE 0.40, AME-PLE 0.43. Maxilla: length to width: 2.07. Labium: 1.33 long, 1.92 wide, with 120 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other on the anterior half. 102 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) Figures 166-171. Avicularia purpurea Kirk, 1990, habitus and retreat. 166 silken retreat over tree bark 167 immature 168=169 northern form, from Tena, Ecuador 168 female 169 male | 70=—171 southern form, from Rio Momon, Peru 170 female 171 male. Photos: 166, 168, 170 R. C. West; 167 R. Bertani; 169 R. Baxter; 171 W. Lamar. Chelicera: basal segment with 11 teeth and some small teeth on promargin. Ster- num: 5.78 long, 4.81 wide. Sigilla: three pairs, posterior and median rounded, large, less than one diameter from margin; anterior not evident. Legs: Length leg IV to leg I: 1.04. Scopula: Metatarsi IV scopulate in distal 1/4. IV divided by band of setae. Type II urticating setae: 0.78—0.83 long, 0.015—0.017 wide. Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 103 @ northern form MW southern form Figure 172. Map showing records of Avicularia purpurea Kirk, 1990 morphotypes. Palp (Figs 158-161): globous bulb with small subtegulum and developed promi- nence on tegulum. Embolus: not flattened, lacking keels, 3.5 long in retrolateral view, about 3.0 times tegulum’s length. Medial portion and tegulum’s margin form an acute angle in retrolateral view. Proximal part very curved in frontal view; thin distal width, 104 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) tapering distally; basal, middle, and distal width 0.68, 0.18, 0.05, respectively. Tegu- lum: 1.96 long, 1.66 high in retrolateral view. Cymbium subtriangular with subequal lobes, lacking well-developed process on retrolateral lobe (Fig. 162). Tibial apophysis (Figs 163-165): single branch on prolateral leg I, with well-devel- oped base and grouped spiniform setae distally. Male metatarsus I touches retrolater- ally tibial apophysis’ setae when folded. Color pattern ontogeny. Juveniles present green metallic sheen, all articles with blackish color and abdomen dorsum with central longitudinal black stripe connected with all transversal black stripes of each side (Fig. 167). When mature, both males and females lose this pattern (Figs 168 -171). Variation. We found two different morphotypes among the examined material (Fig. 172). The northern form is the same holotype’s morphotype (Figs 168-169). The southern form has very discrete grizzled setae in palps and legs, and less intense purple sheen in short body setae of carapace, legs, and palps (Figs 170-171). Females of the southern form have abdomen with light brown guard-setae homogeneously dis- tributed, with a couple of reddish brown lateral stripes until penultimate or ultimate molt, distinct from the velvety black dorsal abdomen of the northern morphotype. Males from southern and northern form showed no morphological difference among them (Figs 169, 171). Distribution. Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru (Fig. 105). Natural history. Specimens were found in anthrophized areas, such as cultivated areas and cattle pastures with dispersed trees, near Tena, Ecuador (Kirk 1990). They are arboreals, making their retreats in tree holes, epiphytes, and inside houses and other hu- man constructions (Kirk 1990). Specimens of the southern form were found in natural cavities of living palms or citrus-like trees in open forested fringes or in gallery forest areas (Rick West, pers. comm.). They use bark and organic debris to camouflage the partially exposed webbed retreat, which lies about 25 cm from soil (Rick West, pers. comm.). Avicularia hirschii Bullmer, Thierer-Lutz & Schmidt, 2006 Figs 19, 90, 173-187, 309 Avicularia hirschii Bullmer, Thierer-Lutz & Schmidt, 2006: 3, figs 1-10, 20, 22 (holo- type male, Ecuador, Oriente, nahe Misahualli [1°02'S, 77°41'W], Bullmer leg., August 1997, SMF 57125 and paratype female, Ecuador, Oriente, nahe Misahualli [1°02'S, 77°41'W], Bullmer leg., August 1997, SMF 57126, examined); World Spider Catalog 2016. Diagnosis. Females of A. hirschii resemble those of A. avicularia and A. rufa by the leg IV longer than leg I. They can be distinguished from them by twisted spermatheca (Fig. 181). Males of A. Airschii resemble those of A. minatrix, A. lynnae sp. n. and A. caei sp. n. by tibia I with discrete elevation covered by a cluster of setae in apical por- tion, on prolateral side (Fig. 179). They can be distinguished from males of A. lynnae Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 105 Figures 173-180. Avicularia hirschii Bullmer, Thierer-Lutz & Schmidt, 2006, male holotype (SMF 57125). 173-176 right palpal bulb (mirrored) 173 prolateral 174 retrolateral 175 frontal 176 dorsal 177 right cymbium, dorsal (mirrored) 178-180 left tibia I 178 prolateral 179 ventral 180 retrolateral. Scale bars = 1 mm. sp. n. and A. caei sp. n. by shorter embolus, about 3.0 to 3.5 times tegulum’s width in retrolateral view (Fig. 174) and from A. minatrix by having prominece on tegulum (Fig. 175) and cymbium with process on retrolateral lobe (Fig. 177). 106 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) Additional material. BRAZIL: Acre: Senador Guiomard [10°08'S, 67°44'W], 1 female, C. Alexandre col., 12-17 July 2013 (MNRJ 06912); Estagao Ecoldgica Rio Acre [10°59'S, 70°13'W], M. A. de Freitas col., 4-18 February 2016 (MNRJ 06911); ECUADOR: Pastaza: 25 km east of Puerto Napo [1°01'S, 77°43'W], selva Alifahui, 450 m, I-II, 1 female, 1 immature, E. S. Ross col., 1991 (CAS 1, CAS 2); PERU: Lore- to: confluence of Rio Zumun and Rio Yaguasyacu [3°21'S, 71°58'W] (Rio Yahnasyacu [sic]), 2 juvenile females, J. Becker col. (MNRJ 13759); Iquitos, Rio Nanay [3°48'S, 73°23'W], 1 juvenile female, R. C. West col., 5 November 1993 (AMNH RW50); 1 juvenile female, Rio Tigre, Cristo Rey village [3°58'S, 74°16'W], W. Lamar col., 19 July 1998, in light silken retreat between broad leaves 1.5 m above ground in forest behind village (MNRJ 06910). Male. Redescription. SMF 57125. Carapace: 10.83 long, 9.32 wide, 2.50 high. Chelicera: 2.65 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 10.02, 5.63, 7.80, 7.72, 4.51, 35.68. II: 9.66, 4.99, 7.44, 6.88, 4.48, 33.45. III: 8.44, 4.27, 6.17, 6.94, 3.66, 29.48. IV: 10.20, 4.64, 8.79, 9.30, 3.68, 36.61. Palp: 6.08, 3.63, 4.57, -, 1.78, 16.06. Midwidths: femora I-IV= 1.94, 1.77, 2.14, 2.15, palp= 1.45; patellae I- IV= 2.9, 1.87, 1.97, 1.76, palp= 1.56; tibiae I-IV= 1.53, 1.66, 1.53, 1.60, palp= 1.67; metatarsi I-[V= 1.02, 1.22, 1.04, 1.17; tarsi I-IV= 1.24, 1.47, 1.38, 1.50, palp= 1.57. Abdomen: 10.95 long, 6.04 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 1.02 long, 0.46 wide, 0.1 apart; PLS, 1.82 basal, 0.93 middle, 2.21 distal; midwidths 1.04, 0.82, 0.60, respectively. Carapace: 1.16 times longer than wide; cephalic region not raised. Fovea: deep, straight, 1.29 wide. Eyes: eye tubercle 0.66 high, 1.59 long, 2.30 wide. Clypeus absent. Anterior row of eyes procurve, posterior slightly recurve. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.69, ALE 0.72, PME 0.30, PLE 0.44, AME-AME 0.34, AME-ALE 0.16, AME-PME 0.10, ALE-ALE 1.45, ALE-PME 0.55, PME-PME 1.50, PME-PLE 0.03, PLE—PLE 1.75, ALE—-PLE 0.23, AME-PLE 0.43. Maxilla: length to width: 2.53. Cuspules: 112 spread over ventral inner heel. La- bium: 1.00 long, 1.64 wide, with 54 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other on anterior third. Labium sternal groove shallow, flat, sigilla not evident. Chelicera: basal segment with 9 teeth and some small teeth on promargin. Ster- num: 5.01 long, 3.93 wide. Sigilla: only posterior pair evident, rounded, less than one diameter from margin. Legs: Formula: [V=I II III. Length leg IV to leg I: 1.03. Clavate trichobothria: 2/3 distal tarsi I-IV. Scopula: Tarsi I-IV fully scopulate. [V with some sparse setae. Metatarsi I-II fully scopulate; HI 2/3; IV 1/2 distal scopulate. IV divided by a wide row of setae. Type I urticating setae: 0.10—0.11 long (according to original description, since holotype abdomen is bald). Palp (Figs 173-176): globous bulb with small subtegulum and developed promi- nence on tegulum. Embolus: not flattened, lacking keels, 2.7 long in retrolateral view, about 3.5 times tegulum’s length. Medial portion and tegulum’s margin form an acute angle in retrolateral view. Proximal part very curved in frontal view; thin distal width, Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 107 Figures 181-183. Avicularia hirschii Bullmer, Thierer-Lutz & Schmidt, 2006, spermathecae variation. 181 paratype, Oriente, department of Napo, Ecuador (SMF 57126) 182 Estacao Ecoldgica Rio Acre, Assis Brasil, state of Acre, Brazil (MNRJ 06911) 183 Senador Guiomard, state of Acre, Brazil (MNRJ 06912). Scale bars = 1 mm. tapering distally; basal, middle, and distal width of 0.35, 0.11, 0.03, respectively. Teg- ulum: 1.51 long, 0.93 wide in retrolateral view. Cymbium subtriangular with subequal lobes. Cymbium with well-developed rounded process on retrolateral lobe, bearing thin setae (Fig. 177). Tibia I with discrete elevation covered by cluster of setae in apical portion, on prolateral side (Figs 178-180, 309). Color pattern: carapace brown with golden short body setae with pink sheen. Cara- pace border with long setae the same color as dorsal carapace short body setae. Coxae, labium, sternum and maxillae light brown, same color of ventral femora. Legs and palps with brown short body setae with golden sheen and reddish brown long guard-setae. Posterior legs darker, blackish. Tarsi II] and IV with reddish central well-developed tufts (not detected, but informed on original description). ‘Tarsi with “U” shaped or- ange stripe. Leg rings on distal femora, tibiae and metatarsi whitish. Abdomen dorsum with long reddish guard-setae and dark short body setae. Ventral abdomen light brown. Female. Redescription. SMF 57126. Carapace: 11.92 long, 11.37 wide, 3.46 high. Chelicera: 3.84 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus and total): I: 108 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) Figures 184-187. Avicularia hirschii Bullmer, Thierer-Lutz & Schmidt, 2006, habitus. 184 immature, Tiguino, department of Pastaza, Ecuador 185 juvenile, Senador Guiomard, state of Acre, Brazil 186 fe- male, Estacao Ecolégica Rio Acre, Assis Brasil, state of Acre, Brazil 187 female feeding on an insect, Rio Momén, department of Loreto, Peru. Photos: 184 W. Lamar; 185 S. Albuquerque, 186 M. A. de Freitas; 187 R. C. West. 9°69 51495°6:7 826.49 4.8 1 5566 le 9115259926095 605,438; 3.186211: 8223; 409 A9N6:5 959-9 4522 9209 2 IVT O95 645 813.09 221.457, 38-95. PalpieG:99, 4.14, 4.40, —, 5.08, 20.61. Midwidths: femora I-IV= 2.00, 1.97, 2.49, 2.21, palp= 1.93; patellae I-IV= 2.10, 1.92, 2.27, 2.47, palp= 1.74; tibiae I-IV= 1.90, 1.83, 2.09, 2.27,.palps(-73; metatarsh IDV =21260;-.1739; 1.58;..1¢82;tarsi I-IV 9 7 81, 1.96, palp= 1.79. Abdomen: 12.61 long, 10.24 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 1.38 long, 1.07 wide, 0.07 apart; PLS damaged. As in male, except: Carapace: 1.05 times longer than wide; thoracic striae conspicuous. Fovae: recurve, 1.46 wide. Eyes: eye tubercle 0.94 high, 2.02 long, 2.88 wide. Clypeus 0.08. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.65, ALE 0.67, PME 0.22, PLE 0 .68, AME—AME 0.41, AME-— ALE 0.40, AME-PME 0.14, ALE-ALE 1.74, ALE-PME 0.75, PME-PME 1.57, PME-PLE 0.03, PLE—-PLE 1.99, ALE—PLE 0.24, AME-PLE 0.50. Maxilla: length to width: 2.03. Cuspules: 146. Labium: 1.50 long, 2.40 wide, with 64 cuspules spaced by one diameter. Labio-sternal groove with two separate, large sigilla. Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 109 Chelicera: basal segmente with 12 teeth and some small teeth on promargin. Ster- num: 6.66 long, 4.30 wide. Sigilla: only posterior pair evident, elipsoidal, less than one diameter from margin. Legs: Formula: IV I I HI. Length leg IV to leg I: 1.16. Scopula: Tarsi IV divided by some setae on base; metatarsi IV scopulate on distal 1/4. Type II urticating setae: 0.38—0.50 long, 0.011—0.014 wide Spermathecae (Fig. 181): two completely separated, twisted long spermatheca, with walls lacking projections or lobes and accentuated outwards curvature medially. Midwidth as wide as its base width and weakly-sclerotized area shorter than half the length of well-sclerotized area. Color pattern: dorsal abdomen with vivid reddish guard-setae grouped on lateral area and black short body setae (Fig. 186). Color pattern ontogeny. Brownish juveniles lacking metallic sheen, black tarsi contrasting with other lighter articles and black central longitudinal stripe on abdomen dorsum (Fig. 184). Distribution. Brazil (state of Acre), Ecuador and Peru (Fig. 90). Natural history. Types were collected in trees in an old pasture, in different trees about 5 m from each other, surrounding by grass (Bullmer et al. 2006). Immature male was in a tree in a retreat about 1.6 m above the ground and female was also in a tree; both retreats were made by web, soil and moss, 60 cm from ground (Bullmer et al. 2006). A found eggsac hatched in captivity and contained 38 specimens (Bullmer et al. 2006). In the state of Acre, Brazil, specimens were found in silken retreats constructed inside tree trunks (C. Alexandre, pers. comm.; M. A. Freitas and A. Zanotti, pers. comm.). Avicularia merianae sp. n. http://zoobank.org/C2A7B023-1FA4-4C74-B205-0549E650C4DA Figs 9-10, 19, 105, 188-200 Diagnosis. Females of A. merianae sp. n. resemble those of A. purpurea by the sper- mathecae with weakly-sclerotized area at least same length of well-sclerotized area (Fig. 196). They differ from A. purpurea by dark brown dorsal abdomen, and by lack- ing dark short body setae with very intense purple sheen on legs and palps. Males of A. merianae sp. n. resemble those of A. avicularia, A. rufa. A. juruensis, A. variegata stat. n., A. taunayi and A. purpurea by tibial apophysis on leg I with well-developed base and grouped spiniform setae distally (Fig. 194). They can be distinguished from all these species except A. purpurea by cymbium lacking well-developed process on retrolateral lobe (Fig. 192). It differs from A. purpurea by lacking velvety black abdomen and dark short body setae with very intense purple sheen on legs and palps. Etymology. It was named after Maria Sybilla Merian, the German-born naturalist who drew the famous engraving of a specimen of Avicularia eating a bird, in recognition to her importance for Natural Sciences. This extraordinary woman was one of the pioneer- ing female scientists and a remarkable artist. This name is considered feminine in gender. 110 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) Figures 188-195. Avicularia merianae sp. n., male holotype (AMNH Pe102). 188-191 left palpal bulb 188 prolateral 189 retrolateral 190 frontal 191 dorsal 192 left cymbium, dorsal 193-195 left tibial apophysis of leg I 193 prolateral 194 ventral 195 retrolateral. Scale bars = 1 mm. Material examined. Holotype male, 1 female and 3 immatures paratypes, Peru, department of San Martin, Hara, 20 miles SE from Moyobamba [6°01'S, 76°58'W], F. Woytkowski col., 1-30 June 1947 (AMNH Pe102). Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 111 Additional material. PERU: San Martin: Tarapoto [6°07'S, 75°57'W], 830 m a.s.l., 7 females, 1 juvenile female, 2 immature males, 15 immatures, | spiderling, F. Woytkowski col., 10-18 February 1947 (AMNH Pe106, Pel05, Pel108); Ekin, west of Tarapoto, 1 young female, under fallen tree, 890 m a.s.l., F. Woytkowski col., 9-21 March 1947 (AMNH Pe104); 1 immature male, under fallen bark, same collector and date (AMNH Pel107); Moyobamba [6°01'S, 76°58'W], Hara, 20 miles southeast of Moyobamba, 4 males, 12 females, 3 juvenile females, 22 immatures, 1 spiderling, F. Woytkowski, 1-30 June 1947 (AMNH Pe98, Pel03, Pe100, Pe53, Pe99, Pel01, AMNH tube, AMNH tube); Rio Huallaga [7°47'S, 76°11'W], 1 immature male, J. C. Pallister col., 15 December 1946 (AMNH Pel112). Male. Description. AMNH Pe102. Carapace: 13.49 long, 12.80 wide, 3.48 high. Chelicera: 3.46 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus and total): I: 13.41, 7.59, 10.39, 9.96, 6.21, 47.56. II: 12.75, 7.14, 9.89, 9.44, 5.48, 44.70. ITI: 11.01, 5.86, 8.57, 9.13, 5.46, 40.03. IV: 14.15, 7.03, 12.05, 11.85, 5.54, 50.62. Palp: 7.98, 4.78, 5.87, —, 2.45, 21.08. Midwidths: femora I-IV=2.45, 2.51, 2.39, 2.55, palp= 1.85; patellae I-IV= 2.58, 2.90, 2.51, 2.89, palp= 1.99; tibiae I-IV= 2.09, 2.05, 2.06, 2.16, palp= 1.69; metatarsi I-IV= 1.68, 1.57, 1.53, 1.33; tarsi I-IV= 1.56, 1.70, 1.67, 1.51, palp= 1.88. Abdomen: 16.35 long, 10.45 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 2.15 long, 0.94 wide, 0.44 apart; PLS, 2.38 basal, 1.88 middle, 3.00 distal; midwidths 1.30, 1.26, 1.17, respectively. Carapace: 1.06 times longer than wide; cephalic region not raised, thoracic striae inconspicuous. Fovea: deep, recurve, 1.78 wide. Eyes: eye tubercle 1.16 high, 1.97 long, 2.61 wide. Clypeus absent. Anterior eye row procurve. Posterior eye row slightly recurve. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.72, ALE 0.72, PME 0.21, PLE 0.54, AME-AME 0.32, AME-ALE 0.37, AME- PME 0.12, ALE-ALE 1.78, ALE-PME 0.90, PME-PME 1.71, PME-PLE 0.07, PLE-PLE 2.07, ALE—PLE 0.39, AME-PLE 0.40. Maxilla: length to width: 1.96. Cuspules: 236 spread over ventral inner heel. Labi- um: 1.62 long, 1.89 wide, with 101 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other, on anterior half. Labio-sternal groove shallow, flat, with no evident sigilla. Chelicera: basal segment with 12 teeth and some small teeth on promargin. Ster- num: 7.04 long, 6.04 wide. Sigilla: anterior pair not evident, middle fusiform, poste- rior ellipsoidal, in a 45°angle, both less than one diameter from margin. Legs: Formula: [V=I II III. Length leg IV to leg I: 1.06. Clavate trichobothria: distal 2/3 of tarsi I-IV. Scopula: Tarsi I-IV fully scopulate. Metatarsi I fully scopulate, II-III 2/3; IV 1/4 distal scopulate. IV divided by a row of setae. Type II urticating setae: 0.82—0.92 long, 0.016-—0.019 wide. Palp (Figs 188-191): globous bulb with small subtegulum and developed promi- nence on tegulum. Embolus: not flattened, lacking keels, 3.83 long in retrolateral view, about 3.0 times tegulum’s length. Medial portion and tegulum’s margin form an acute angle in retrolateral view. Proximal part very curved in frontal view; thin distal 112 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) Figures 196-198. Avicularia merianae sp. n., spermathecae variation. 196 paratype, Moyobamba, de- partment of San Martin, Peru (AMNH Pel02) 197 Tarapoto, department of San Martin, Peru (AMNH Pel06) 198 Moyobamba, department of San Martin, Peru (AMNH Pe100). Scale bars = 1 mm. width, tapering distally; basal, middle, and distal width 0.81, 0.21, 0.03, respectively. Tegulum: 2.07 long, 1.20 high in retrolateral view. Cymbium subtriangular with sub- equal lobes, lacking process on retrolateral lobe (Fig. 192). Tibial apophysis (Figs 193-195): a single branch on prolateral leg I, with well- developed base and grouped spiniform setae distally. Male metatarsus I touches retro- laterally tibial apophysis’ setae when folded. Color pattern: carapace brown with golden short body setae with pink sheen. Carapace border with long setae the same color as dorsal carapace short body setae. Coxae, labium, sternum and maxillae light brown, same color of ventral femora. Legs and palps with golden brown short body setae with pink sheen and brown long guard- setae. Leg rings on distal femora, tibiae and metatarsi whitish. Abdomen with orange brown guard-setae homogeneously distributed and dark brown body setae. Abdomen venter brown. Female. Description. AMNH Pel02. Carapace: 14.57 long, 13.15 wide, 3.83 high. Chelicera: 6.14 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 103795°6:9 03-799 5627 2,.9409;,97 oleaN 9199652, 731,041. 84°67,34 90. 9:04, 5: 95-6:881694,- 4:8 85.9293. Vic 139786250 549.66, 8:82-4:98. 40:75, Palp7.95; 4.77, 4.70, -, 5.35, 22.77. Midwidths: femora I-IV= 2.68, 3.02, 3.05, 2.88, palp= 2:09;:patellae I=IV=2'82, 2.79, 2.77, 2.90, palp=2.34; tibiae I-IV= 2.29, 2.35,.2.59, 3.11, palp= 2.29; metatarsi I-IV= 2.07, 2.05, 1.90, 2.05; tarsi I-IV= 2.24, 2.27, 2.09, 2.12, palp= 2.37. Abdomen: 17.49 long, 11.96 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 2.08 long, 1.01 wide, 0.16 apart; PLS, 2.37 basal, 1.11 middle, 2.65 distal; midwidths 1.78, 1.49, 1.21, respectively. Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 113 Figures 199-200. Avicularia merianae sp. n., habitus and retreat. 199 female 200 silken retreat over tree bark. Photos: H.-W. Auer. As in male, except: Carapace: 1.11 times longer than wide. Fovea: slightly recurve, 1.77 wide. Eyes: eye tubercle 0.70 high, 2.07 long, 2.91 wide. Clypeus 0.30. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.72, ALE 0.70, PME 0.28, PLE 0.55, AME—AME 0.50, AME-— ALE 0.47, AME-PME 0.19, ALE-ALE 2.03, ALE-PME 0.71, PME-PME 1.64, PME-PLE 0.16, PLE-PLE 2.11, ALE-PLE 0.49, AME-PLE 0.52. Maxilla: length to width: 2.02. Labium: 1.77 long, 2.41 wide, with 96 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other, on anterior half. Chelicera: basal segment with 9 teeth and some small teeth on promargin. Ster- num: 7.17 long, 5.92 wide. Legs: Length leg IV to leg I: 1.09 Clavate trichobothria: on distal 1/2 tarsi I-IV. Scopula: Tarsus IV with sparse setae. Metatarsi II fully scopulate; HI 1/2, IV 1/3 distal scopulate. Type II urticating setae: 0.49—0.60 long, 0.014—0.017 wide. Spermathecae (Fig. 196): two completely separated, not-twisted long spermathe- cae, with walls lacking projections or lobes and accentuaded outwards curvature me- dially. Midwidth expanded, about 1.5 times its basal and apical portion widths and weakly-sclerotized area at least same length of well-sclerotized area. Color pattern (Fig. 199): as in male. Color pattern ontogeny. brownish juveniles lacking metallic sheen, black tarsi contrasting with other lighter articles and abdomen dorsum reddish, with dorsal cen- tral longitudinal black stripe connected only with anterior pair of transversal black stripes. When mature, both males and females lose this pattern. Distribution. Peru, department of San Martin (Fig. 105). Natural history. Unknown. 114 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) Avicularia lynnae sp. n. http://zoobank.org/4087E14F-2413-4DF6-84CE-F7D0C7B710E5 Figs 19, 90, 201-209 Diagnosis. Males of A. lynnae sp. n. resemble those of A. minatrix, A. hirschii and A. caei sp. n. by tibia I with discrete elevation covered by a cluster of setae in apical por- tion, on prolateral side (Fig. 207). They can be distinguished from all species except A, caei sp. n. by very long embolus, more than 4 times tegulum’s width in retrolateral view (Fig. 202). Males of A. lynnae sp. n. differ from male A. caei sp. n. by having developed prominence on tegulum (Fig. 203) and by abdomen dorsum with single central longitudinal dark stripe (Fig. 209). Female unknown. Etymology. It was named after Lynn West, wife of mygalomorph expert Rick West. This name is considered feminine in gender. Material examined. Holotype male, Peru, Loreto, Rio Tigre, Cristo Rey village [3°58'S, 74°16'W] near Iquitos, R. C. West col., 21 November 1993, crossing trail by day (AMNH RW49); paratype male, Peru, Loreto, Brillo Nuevo [3°09'S, 71°46'W] (Brillo Neuvo [sic]), Rio Yaguasyacu, B. Lamar col. (AMNH-RCW). Additional material. ECUADOR: Pastaza: Tigitino [1°10'S, 76°57'W], 1 male, B. Lamar col., September 1990, found in a bird capture net (AMNH-RCW); PERU: Maranon (Marauon [sic] [river or province?]), 1 male, Bristol, October 1927 (AMNH Pe9G6); Madre de Dios: Zona Reservada Pakitza [11°56'S, 71°17'W], 356 m asl, 1 male, Igidio & D. Silva col., 13 August 1992 (MUSM-ENTO 500685). Male. Description. AMNH RW49. Carapace: 10.87 long, 10.25 wide, 2.40 high. Chelicera: 3.07 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 11.9, 5.4, 9.2, 9.3, 5.0, 40.8. II: 11.1, 5.2, 8.9, 8.6, 4.7, 38.5. III: 10.0, 4.6, 8.0, 8.6, 4.6, 35.8. IV: 12.2, 4.9, 10.6, 12.6, 4.0, 44.3; Palp: 6.8, 3.7, 5.5, —, 2.1, 18.1; Midwidths: fem- ora I-IV= 1.18, 1.7, 2.14, 1.9, palp= 1.6; patellae -IV= 1.9, 2.2, 2.0, 2.1, palp= 1.8; tibiae I-IV= 1.7, 1.6, 1.4, 1.5, palp= 1.4; metatarsi I-IV= 1.1, 1.2, 1.1, 1.2; tarsi I-IV= 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.2, palp= 1.3. Abdomen: 10.77 long, 8.49 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 1.05 long, 0.46 wide, 0.13 apart; PLS, 1.50 basal, 0.85 middle, 2.17 distal; midwidths 0.96, 0.76, 0.68, respectively. Carapace: 1.06 times longer than wide; cephalic region not raised, thoracic striae inconspicuous. Fovea: shallow, straight, 0.64 wide. Eyes: eye tubercle 0.91 high, 1.80 long, 2.41 wide. Clypeus absent. Anterior row of eyes slightly procurve, posterior slightly recurve. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.62, ALE 0.61, PME 0.19, PLE 0.55, AME-AME 0.41, AME-ALE 0.27, AME-— PME 0.14, ALE-ALE 1.54, ALE-PME 0.39, PME-PME 1.50, PME-PLE 0.04, PLE-PLE 1.96, ALE-PLE 0.19, AME-PLE 0.34. Maxilla: length to width: 2.57. Cuspules: about 85 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: 1.08 long, 1.72 wide, with 54 cuspules spaced by more than one diameter from each other, on anterior half. Labio-sternal groove shallow, flat, two slightly sepa- rate, large sigilla. Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... ales Figures 201-208. Avicularia lynnae sp. n., male holotype (AMNH RW49). 201-204 left palpal bulb 201 prolateral 202 retrolateral 203 frontal 204 dorsal 205 left cymbium, dorsal 206-208 left tibia I 206 prolateral 207 ventral 208 retrolateral. Scale bars = 1 mm. Chelicera: basal segment with 12 teeth and some small teeth on promargin. Ster- num: 6.0 long, 3.91 wide. Sigilla: three pairs, anterior rounded, middle fusiform, pos- terior rounded, set at 45°angle, all close to margin. Legs: Formula: [V=I II III. Length leg IV to leg I: 1.09. Clavate trichobothria: distal 2/3 tarsi I-IV. Scopula: Tarsi I-IV fully scopulate. Metatarsi I-II fully scopulate; III 1/2, IV 1/5 distal scopulate. IV divided by a bald area. 116 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) Figure 209. Avicularia lynnae sp. n., habitus, male from department of Loreto, Peru. Photo: R. C. West. Type II urticating setae: 0.73—0.87 long, 0.013—0.019 wide. Palp (Figs 201-204): globous bulb with small subtegulum and developed promi- nence on tegulum. Embolus: not flattened, lacking keels, 3.91 long in retrolateral view, about 4.5 times tegulum’s length. Medial portion and tegulum’s margin form an acute angle in retrolateral view. Proximal part very curved in frontal view; thin distal width, tapering distally; basal, middle and distal width of 0.26, 0.18, 0.03, respectively. Tegu- lum: 1.51 long, 0.89 high in retrolateral view. Cymbium subtriangular with subequal lobes, with well-developed process bearing thin setae on retrolateral lobe (Fig. 205). Tibial I with a discrete elevation covered by a cluster of setae in apical portion, on prolateral side (Figs 206-208). Color pattern (Fig. 209): carapace brown with golden short body setae and thick dark longer setae spread over the carapace. Carapace border long setae the same color as dorsal carapace short body setae. Coxae, labium, sternum and maxillae light brown, same color as ventral femora. Legs and palps with brown short body setae and orange brown long guard-setae. Leg rings on distal femora, tibiae and metatarsi whitish. Ab- domen dorsum with long guard-setae homogeneously distributed, lateral orange short body setae and black short body setae forming a central longitudinal stripe. Ventral abdomen light brown. Color pattern ontogeny. Immatures are unknown. Distribution. Ecuador and Peru (Fig. 90). Natural history. Specimens were found in a silken retreat in a curled living leaf (W. Lamar, pers. comm. to R. C. West). Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... Lb7 Female unknown. Remarks. Aviculariinae diversity in Ecuador, Peru and Colombia is poorly known, and certainly underestimated; specimens are rare in arachnological collections. Thus, the identity of some specimens collected in these countries should be analyzed carefully. Avicularia lynnae sp. n. specimens were collected in Peru and Ecuador, and its female is unknown. ‘The species is sympatric with A. hirschii and resembles it by having tibia I with discrete elevation covered by a cluster of setae in apical portion on prolateral side, and by having cymbium with thin setae covering the process on retrolateral lobe. ‘The differ- ence lies in embolus length, much greater in A. /ynnae sp. n. (Fig. 204) than in A. hirschii (Fig. 176). Pairing female and immature to males of each one of these sympatric species is a problem. Paratype female of A. Airschii has very long twisted spermatheca, which is morphologically more compatible with the very long embolus of males of A. /ynnae sp. n. Immatures of A. hirschii were described as having single dorsal black stripe on abdomen (Fig. 184). However, this immature pattern could fit to adults of either A. Airschii and A. lynnae sp. n. Thus, it is necessary to further collect specimens to solve this query. Avicularia caei sp. n. http://zoobank.org/AE612016-7D21-48F6-8366-B289560ED3BC Figs 19, 90, 210-218, 313 Diagnosis. males of A. caei sp. n. resemble those of A. minatrix, A. hirschii and A. lyn- nae sp. n. by tibia I with discrete elevation covered by a cluster of setae in apical por- tion, on prolateral side (Fig. 216). They can be distinguished from all species except A. lynnae sp. n. by very long embolus, more than 4 times tegulum’s width in retrolateral view (Fig. 211). Males of A. caei sp. n. can be distinguished from males of A. /ynnae sp. n. by weakly-developed prominence on tegulum (Fig. 212) and abdomen with lateral dark stripes (Fig. 218). Female is unknown. Etymology. ‘This species is named after Carlos Eduardo Gurgel Paiola, aka Caé, in honor to his continuous support to one of the authors (CSF). This name is masculine in gender. Material examined. Holotype male, Brazil, Para, Juruti, Acampamento Mutum (01°36'44.7"S, 56°11'39.2"W), L. T. Miglio col., 08 August 2008, ref. JURU 009 0043 (MPEG 15637). Male. Description. MPEG 15637. Carapace: 10.44 long, 9.96 wide, 3.08 high. Chelicera: 3.45 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 11.01, 5.79, BAA 8.219447,.37.92. 11: 10.37, 5918;°8.05, 8.30;°4.35, 3625.-Il: 9.193 4.34. /417, 7.92, 4.02, 32.64. IV: 10.85, 5.26, 10.26, 10.66, 4.59, 41.62. Palp: 6.39, 3.96, 5.29, -, 2.62, 18.26. Midwidths: femora I-IV= 2.08, 2.08, 2.44, 1.89, palp= 1.44; patellae I- IV= 1.98, 2.10, 2.17, 1.90, palp= 1.48; tibiae LIV= 1.25, 1.50, 1.47, 1.45, palp= 1.57; metatarsi I-[V= 1.10, 1.46, 1.02, 1.01; tarsi I-IV= 1.15, 1.37, 1.33, 1.15, palp= 1.64. Abdomen: 12.51 long, 7.59 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 1.32 long, 0.63 wide, 0.19 apart; PLS, 2.31 basal, 1.16 middle, 2.04 distal; midwidths 1.17, 0.93, 0.76, respectively. 118 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) Figures 210-217. Avicularia caei sp. n., male holotype (MPEG 015637). 210-213 right palpal bulb (mirrored) 210 prolateral 211 retrolateral 212 frontal 213 dorsal 214 right cymbium, dorsal (mirrored) 215-217 right tibia I (mirrored) 215 prolateral 216 ventral 217 retrolateral. Scale bars = 1 mm. Carapace: 1.05 times longer than wide; cephalic region not raised, thoracic striae inconspicuous. Fovea: shallow, recurve, 1.14 wide. Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 119 Figure 218. Avicularia caei sp. n, holotype, habitus, preserved male (MPEG 015637). Detail: lateral abdomen. Arrow indicating stripes. Photo: C. S. Fukushima. Eyes: eye tubercle 0.76 high, 1.72 long, 2.16 wide. Clypeus absent. Anterior row of eyes procurve, posterior slightly recurve. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.50, ALE 0.57, PME 0.20, PLE 0.49, AME-AME 0.37, AME-ALE 0.20, AME—-PME 0.07, ALE—ALE 1.41, ALE~-PME 0.34, PME—PME 1.35, PME-PLE 0.02, PLE-PLE 1.70, ALE—PLE 0.29, AME-PLE 0.28. Maxilla: length to width: 2.14. Cuspules: about 101 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: 1.23 long, 1.65 wide, with 64 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other on anterior half. Labium sternal groove shallow, flat, with two slightly separate, slim sigilla. Chelicera: basal segment with 9 teeth and some small teeth on promargin. Ster- num: 5.57 long, 4.49 wide. Sigilla: only posterior pair evident, oval, set at 45°angle, one diameter from margin. Legs: Formula: [V=I II III. Length leg IV to leg I: 1.10. Clavate trichobothria: distal 1/2 tarsi I-II; 2/3 tarsus III, 1/2 tarsus [V. Scopula: Tarsi I-IV fully scopulate, IV with few sparse setae. Metatarsi I-II scopulate in distal 3/4; HI 1/2; [IV 1/4 distal scopulate. IV divided by row of setae. Type II urticating setae: 0.99-1.05 long, 0.018—0.024 wide. Palp (Figs 210-213, 313): globous bulb with small subtegulum and weakly-de- veloped prominence on tegulum. Embolus: not flattened, lacking keels, 3.78 long in retrolateral view, about 4 times tegulum’s length. Medial portion and tegulum’s mar- gin form an acute angle in retrolateral view. Proximal part very curved in frontal view; thin distal width, tapering distally; basal, middle, and distal width of 0.28, 0.15, 0.03, respectively. Tegulum: 1.62 long, 0.96 high in retrolateral view. Cymbium subtrian- gular with subequal lobes having well-developed rounded process bearing thin setae on retrolateral lobe (Fig. 214). Tibia I with discrete elevation covered by cluster of setae in apical portion, on prolateral side (Figs 215-217). 120 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) Color pattern (Fig. 218): carapace orange with golden brown short body setae, thick longer setae spread over the carapace. Carapace border with long setae the same color as dorsal carapace short body setae. Coxae, labium, sternum and maxillae light brown, same color as ventral femora. Legs and palps with dark brown long guard-setae. Leg rings on distal femora, tibiae and metatarsi whitish. Abdomen dorsum with light brown guard-setae, light brown short body setae forming lateral stripes, and black short body setae forming a dark background. Ventral abdomen dark brown. Female is unknown. Color pattern ontogeny. Immatures are unknown. Distribution. Brazil, known only from type locality (Fig. 90). Natural history. Unknown. A single specimen was found walking on forest ground (L. Miglio, pers. comm.). Taxonomic remarks Avicularia vestiaria (De Geer, 1778), nomen nudum Aranea vestiaria De Geer, 1778: 313; E O. Pickard-Cambridge 1896: 741 (under Avi- cularia avicularia); Petrunkevitch 1911: 49 (under Avicularia avicularia); Roewer 1942: 253 (under Avicularia avicularia); Bonnet 1955: 828 (under Avicularia avi- cularia); World Spider Catalog 2016 (under Avicularia avicularia). Avicularia vestiaria: Ausserer 1871: 201 (as senior synonym of Aranea avicularia), 1875: 184; Hasselt 1888: 166 (as senior synonym of Mygale avicularia sensu Latreille). Remarks. As stated by F. O. Pickard-Cambridge (1896), the name “vestiaria” is solely a word used for De Geer (1778) in his redescription of Aranea avicularia Linnaeus (1758) (Simon 1892: 172; F. O. Pickard-Cambridge 1896: 741), in litt. “Aranea ves- tiaria hirsutissima nigro-fusca S. rufescens, plantis amplis tomentosis’ (De Geer 1778: 313). It is not a specific name as considered by Ausserer (1871). Even though other authors such as Ausserer (1875) considered it a valid name, we understand a formal de- scription was not presented or intended and, therefore, Avicularia vestiaria (De Geer, 1778) is, herein, considered a nomen nudum. Iridopelma leporina (C. L. Koch, 1841), comb. n., nomen dubium Bigs 1 Mygale leporina C. L. Koch, 1841: 55 tab. CCCVI, fig. 726 (syntypes 4 dry, pinned immatures, Bahia, Brazil, Freir leg., ZMB 2028, examined,); Ausserer 1871: 217; F. O. Pickard-Cambridge 1896: 744. Syn. n. Eurypelma leporina: C. L. Koch 1850: 74. Avicularia leporina: Simon 1892: 172; Roewer 1942: 255; Bonnet 1955: 832; World Spider Catalog 2016. Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 121 ia as eek. Figures 219-224. Species formerly included in Avicularia. 219 syntype of Mygale leporina C. L. Koch, 1841, immature, from state of Bahia, Brazil, (ZMB 2028), habitus 220 syntype of Mygale plantaris C. L. Koch, 1842, immature, from Brazil (ZMB 2026), habitus 221 Euathlus affinis (Nicolet, 1849) comb. n., lectotype female, from Santiago, Chile (MNHN-AR 4871B), habitus 222 Avicularia arabica (Strand, 1908) nomen dubium, holotype juvenile female, from El-Tor, Egypt (SMF 2660), spermathecae 223-224 Thrixopelma aymara (Chamberlin, 1916) comb. n., holotype female, from Aymara, Peru (MCZ 145) 223 spermatheca 224 habitus. Remarks. The syntypes are specimens of subfamily Aviculariinae because they have tarsi with well-developed scopulae, with a spatulated aspect (Fig. 219). They have an- terior row of eyes procurved, spinnerets with the last article digitiform and no spines on legs. The color pattern of the immatures and the type locality, Bahia (Brazil), match with Jridopelma species. Thus, we decided to transfer Mygale leporina to Iridopelma, making the new combination [ridopelma leporina (C. L. Koch, 1841) comb. n. How- ever, as the specimens are immatures and in poor conditions we consider [ridopelma leporina (C. L. Koch, 1841) comb. n. nomen dubium. 122 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) Tridopelma plantaris (C. L. Koch, 1842), comb. n., nomen dubium Figs220 Mygale plantaris C. L. Koch, 1842; 71 tab. CCCXII, fig. 736 (syntypes 2 immatures, Brazil, ZMB 2026, examined). Syn. n. Eurypelma plantaris: C. L. Koch 1850: 74. Avicularia plantaris: Simon 1892: 172; World Spider Catalog 2016. Remarks. C. L. Koch (1842) published the description of Mygale plantaris in the same year of Mygale leporina. As M. leporina, the procurve anterior row of eyes, the digitiform posterior article of spinnerets, the color pattern and type locality (Brazil) of the syntypes match with /ridopelma (Fig. 220). Therefore, we transfer Mygale plantaris to [ridopelma, making the new combination /ridopelma plantaris (C. L. Koch, 1842) comb. n. Like M. leporina, the syntypes of M. plantaris are immature specimens. Iridopelma species present very intense ontogenetic changes in color pattern, thus different life stages present very distinct abdominal color pattern. This could be the reason why C. L. Koch (1842) described both forms as two different species when they could be the same. As we can’t assuredly affirm they are the same species, since the types are not adults or even in good condition, we decided to keep them as separate species and to consider [ridopelma plantaris (C. L. Koch, 1842) comb. n. nomen dubium. Euathlus affinis (Nicolet, 1849), comb. n. Bigs 221.225 Mygale affinis Nicolet, 1849: 333, pl. 1, fig. 6 (female lectotype and immature paralec- totype designated, herein, from Chile, Santiago [33°28'S, 70°38'W]), MNHN- AR 487 1B, examined). Brachypelma affinis: Mello-Leitao 1936d: 118; Bonnet 1955: 2989. Eurypelma affine: Roewer 1942: 238. Avicularia affinis: World Spider Catalog 2016. Remarks. ‘The lectotype female designated, herein, is a small specimen, with carapace 5.3 mm long (Fig. 221). It does not belong to any Aviculariinae species since it has spines on the legs and lacks the characteristic developed scopula on tarsi. Its sper- mathecae (Fig. 225) are compatible with Euathlus Ausserer, 1875 species (Perafan and Pérez-Miles 2014), which have species recorded for the area where the specimen was collected (Santiago, Chile). Furthermore, the original illustration published by Nicolet (1849, plate 1) shows a spider with reddish coloration and lacking two urticating setae patches, which is also compatible with Euathlus species, such as E. parvulus (Pocock, 1903) and Euathlus condorito Perafan & Pérez-Miles, 2014. Therefore, we transfer Avicularia affinis (Nicolet, 1849) to Euathlus, resulting in Euathlus affinis (Nicolet, 1849) comb. n. Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 123 225 Figure 225. Euathlus affinis (Nicolet, 1849) comb. n., lectotype (MNHN-AR 487 1B), spermathecae. Ischnocolus hirsutum Ausserer, 1875, nomen dubium Ischnocolus hirsutus Ausserer, 1875: 170 (syntypes 11 small specimens from Cuba, BMNH 1890.7.1.347, and 2 small specimens from Bogota, Colombia [4°35'N, 74°04'W], in another vial, BMNH 1890.7.1.339+347, examined). Eurypelma hirsutum: Roewer 1942: 240. Avicularia hirsuta: World Spider Catalog 2016. Remarks. Ausserer (1875) mentioned several females from Cuba and two specimens from “Santa Fé de Bogota” (known, nowadays, as Bogota, capital of Colombia) in Keyserling collection (housed at the BMNH). All examined specimens from Cuba have urticating setae type III on abdomen dorsum, and all specimens from Bogota have setae type I. Therefore, they belong to subfamily Theraphosinae and it is, herein, removed from the genus Avicularia. All syntypes are immatures lacking diagnostic characters and, therefore, we consider Ischnocolus hirsutum Ausserer, 1875 a nomen dubium. Avicularia metallica Ausserer, 1875, nomen dubium Avicularia metallica Ausserer, 1875: 185; Simon 1892: 171; Strand 1907b: 92; Mello- Leitao 1923: 377; Roewer 1942: 255; Bonnet 1955: 832; Petrunkevitch 1911: 50; 1939: 287; World Spider Catalog 2016. Remarks. The type was not found in Vienna collection where it should be deposited accord- ing to description. Thus, we consider Avicularia metallica Ausserer, 1875 as nomen dubium. Ischnocolus gracilis Keyserling, 1891, nomen dubium Ischnocolus gracilis Keyserling, 1891: 11 (holotype immature male, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Monte Verde [21°27'S, 41°55'W], BMNH 90.7.1.346, examined). Eurypelma gracile: Roewer 1942: 239. Avicularia gracilis: World Spider Catalog 2016. 124 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) Remarks. The specimen is very small, the epigastric area is dissected, but there are no spermathecae. Abdomen dorsum is bald. Since the description mentions spines on posterior articles, we, herein, remove the species from the genus Avicularia. As the specimen is immature, damaged, and lacking diagnostic characters, therefore we con- sider, herein, /schnocolus gracilis Keyserling, 1891 a nomen dubium. Grammostola subvulpina (Strand, 1906), comb. n. Avicularia subvulpina Strand, 1906a: 22 (holotype male, no further information, MWNH 362, examined by photo); 1907): 233; Mello-Leitao 1923: 377; Petrunk- evitch 1939: 288; Roewer 1942: 254; Bonnet 1955: 833; World Spider Catalog 2016. Remarks. A specimen that fits Strand’s (1906a) description was found in Wiesbaden collection and is, herein, considered as the holotype. The male resembles a charac- teristic Grammostola Simon, 1892 species from Brazil. Thus, we transfer Avicularia subvulpina to Grammostola, making the new combination Grammostola subvulpina (Strand, 1906) comb. n. Avicularia arabica (Strand, 1908), nomen dubium Fig. 222 Avicuscodra arabica Strand, 1908: 771 (holotype female, Egypt, El-Tor [28°14'N, 33°37'E] (Tor, Arabien [sic]), Rtippell, SMF 2660, examined); 1916: 20; Roewer 1942: 256. Chaetopelma arabica: Raven 1985: 149. Avicularia arabica: Gallon 2008: 243, figs 39-41; World Spider Catalog 2016. Remarks. The holotype of Avicuscodra arabica was recently rediscovered by Gallon (2008) in SMF. The specimen, supposedly from Tor, Egypt, is clearly an Avicularia as proposed by Gallon (2008). It has two spermathecae lacking lobes and with accentu- ated outwards curvature medially. Urticating setae of type II are present on abdomen dorsum. These characters are present in Avicularia species, which are restricted to Cen- tral and South America. As Gallon (2008) stated, the presence of a tropical American specimen together with Arabian material is most likely a mistake made by a nonspe- cialist before Strand’s examination. Even though it is possible to identify the specimen as belonging to the genus Avicu- laria, it is a small female in poor condition, without evident color pattern and no other diagnostic characteristic. It is not possible to assure the specimen identity since spermathe- cae morphology is similar in most Avicularia species (Fig. 222). Furthermore, there is no Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 125 indication of where the specimen came from. Thus, Avicularia arabica (Strand, 1908) is, herein, considered nomen dubium. Thrixopelma aymara (Chamberlin, 1916), comb. n. Figs 223-224 Eurypelma aymara Chamberlin, 1916: 201 (holotype female, Peru, Aymara, Dr. W. H. Jones col., MCZ 145, examined); Bonnet 1955: 1831. Eurypelma aymarum: Roewer 1942: 238. Avicularia aymara: World Spider Catalog 2016. Remarks. The specimen is not an aviculariine since it has no spatulate scopulae, bears two rounded spermathecae, and has no type II urticating setae (Fig. 224). The type locality, spermathecae morphology (Fig. 223) and presence of urticating setae type III match with the diagnostic characteristics of Thrixopelma species. Thus, we transfer Eurypelma aymara to Thrixopelma, making the new combination Thrixopelma aymara (Chamberlin, 1916) comb. n. Avicularia aurantiaca Bauer, 1996, nomen dubium Avicularia aurantiaca Bauer, 1996: 2, figs 1-4; World Spider Catalog 2016. Material examined. female spermathecae exuvia in microscope slide, Peru, G. Schmidt ded. (SMF 58271-84). Remarks. ‘The original description (Bauer 1996) stated he intended to deposit a female specimen at SMF as holotype, a slide prepared with spemathecae from an exuvia and a para- type male. The holotype and paratype specimen were never deposited in SMF collection. The description states female has leg IV longer than leg I, spermathecae with midwidth not expanded and orange leg rings (explaining why it was called “aurantiaca”). Thus, A. auran- tiaca is likely to be a junior synonym of A. rufa. However, as there is no holotype and the description does not allow for a precise identification and characterization of the species, the name Avicularia aurantiaca Bauer, 1996 is considered, herein, as nomen dubium. Types not found. The following types have been unsuccessfully searched for within many arachnological collections and their descriptions do not allow for reliable identifica- tion. Thus, we consider the following species all nomina dubia: Araneus hirtipes Fabricius, 1793 nomen dubium; Avicularia testacea (C. L. Koch, 1841) nomen dubium; Avicularia de- trita (C. L. Koch, 1842) nomen dubium; Avicularia hirsutissima (C. L. Koch, 1842) nomen dubium, Avicularia holmbergi Thorell, 1890 nomen dubium; Ischnocolus doleschalli Ausserer, 1871 nomen dubium, Avicularia rapax (Ausserer 1875) nomen dubium; Avicularia ochracea (Perty, 1833) nomen dubium; and Avicularia walckenaerii (Perty, 1833) nomen dubium. 126 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) Araneus hirtipes (Fabricius, 1787), nomen dubium Aranea hirtipes Fabricius, 1787: 346, 1793: 428; Latreille 1806: 83 (under Mygale avicu- laria); Hahn 1833: 10 (under Mygale avicularia); Walckenaer 1837: 212 (under Mygale versicolor); World Spider Catalog 2016 (under Avicularia versicolor). Mygale hirtipes: C. L. Koch 1836: 38. Eurypelma hirtipes: C. L. Koch 1850: 74. Avicularia hirtipes: Bonnet 1955: 831. Remarks. Considered synonym of Mygale avicularia by Latreille (1806) and Hahn (1833) as well as of Mygale versicolor by Walckenaer (1837). Although very uninforma- tive, the description shows an eye disposition that suggests this species is not a mygalo- morph spider. Thus, we considered Avaneus hirtipes (Fabricius, 1787) nomen dubium. Avicularia testacea (C. L. Koch, 1841), nomen dubium Mygale testacea C. L. Koch, 1841: 45, Tab. CCCI, fig. 719; FE O. Pickard-Cambridge 1896: 741 (under A. avicularia); World Spider Catalog 2016 (under A. avicularia). Remarks. F. O. Pickard-Cambridge (1896) considered it as a probable synonym of A. avicularia. The specimen drawned by C. L. Koch (1841) resembles a specimen of Avicularia since it has well-developed scopula, anterior row of eyes procurve and long and curved palpal embolus. However, it is not possible to establish its identity without analyze the type. Therefore, herein, we removed it from the synonymy with A. avicu- laria and consider Avicularia testacea (C. L. Koch, 1841) nomen dubium. Avicularia detrita (C. L. Koch, 1842), nomen dubium Mygale detrita C. L. Koch, 1842: 86, Tab. CCCXVIIL, fig. 746; FE O. Pickard-Cam- bridge 1896: 744; Petrunkevitch 1911: 49; 1939: 286; Mello-Leitéo 1923: 377; Roewer 1942: 254. Avicularia detrita: Simon 1903: 958; Bonnet 1955: 830; World Spider Catalog 2016. Remarks. Analyzing Koch’s drawing, it is possible to note the absence of spatulated scopula, typical of Aviculariinae. Male palpal bulb also seems different from Aviculariinae species. Thus, it is probable that this species belongs to another subfamily, such as Theraphosinae. Avicularia hirsutissima (C. L. Koch, 1842), nomen dubium Mygale hirsutissima C. L. Koch, 1842: 76, fig. 738; Petrunkevitch 1911: 49 (under Avicularia avicularia); Roewer 1942: 254 (under Avicularia avicularia); Bonnet Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 127 1955: 829 (under Avicularia avicularia); World Spider Catalog 2016 (under Avicu- laria avicularia). Remarks. The drawn probably represents a specimen of Avicularia since it has well- developed scopula and the anterior row of eyes procurve. However, it is not possible to establish its identity without examining the type. Herein, we removed it from the syn- onymy with A. avicularia established by Petrunkevitch (1911) and we consider Avicu- laria hirsutissima (C. L. Koch, 1842) nomen dubium. Avicularia holmbergi Thorell, 1890, nomen dubium Avicularia holmbergi Thorell, 1890: 399; E O. Pickard-Cambridge 1896: 744; Simon 1892: 170; Petrunkevitch 1911: 50; 1939: 287; Mello-Leitao 1923: 377; Roewer 1942: 254; Bonnet 1955: 831; World Spider Catalog 2016. Remarks. This species was described in a work on the Indonesian fauna, but type lo- cality was considered uncertain (Thorell 1890). We consulted the curator of Arachnoidea Collection in the Natural History Museum be of Vienna, where Ausserer’s specimens below were likely deposited. Unfortunately, the types are not there and descriptions do not allow reliable identification of the species. Ischnocolus doleschalli Ausserer, 1871, nomen dubium Ischnocolus doleschalli Ausserer, 1871: 189. Eurypelma doleschalli: Roewer 1942: 239. Avicularia doleschalli: World Spider Catalog 2016. Remarks. Ausserer (1871) renamed as Ischnocolus doleschalli the species Theraphosa bicolor Doleschal (probably from Brazil), and added to Doleschal’s description that the specimen has spines on tibiae and metatarsi. Thus, it is not an Aviculariinae and, herein, we consider /schnocolus doleschalli Ausserer, 1871 a nomen dubium. Avicularia rapax (Ausserer, 1875), nomen dubium Eurypelma rapax Ausserer, 1875: 200, pl. 7, fig. 45; Petrunkevitch 1911: 63; 1939: 264; Roewer 1942: 241; Bonnet 1955: 1833. Avicularia rapax: World Spider Catalog 2016. Remarks. Ausserer (1875) described a male with two-branched tibial apophysis, and having setae on palpal tibia. It resembles a theraphosine specimen, but Ausserer did 128 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) not give information on diagnostic characters. Thus, we consider Avicularia rapax (Ausserer, 1875) a nomen dubium. We failed to find holotypes of both Perty’s species below. However, Perty (1833) drew in detail the legs of these species, showing well-developed scopulae on tarsi and meta- tarsi, with the spatulated aspect characteristic of aviculariines. Avicularia ochracea (Perty, 1833), nomen dubium Mygale ochracea Perty, 1833: 191, pl. XXXVII, fig. 2; Walckenaer 1837: 215; C. L. Koch 1841: 48, pl. CCCIV, fig. 721. Eurypelma ochracea: Ausserer 1871: 215; C. L. Koch: 1842: 48; 1850: 74; Petrunk- evitch 1911: 63; 1939: 264. Eurypelma ochraceum: Roewer 1942: 240; Bonnet 1955: 1832. Avicularia ochracea: World Spider Catalog 2016. Remarks. Mygale ochracea was described as having an overall ocher coloration and a reddish abdomen. The specimen was found around Rio Negro River, in the province of the same name. At this time, the Rio Negro Province comprised the cities Barcelos and Vila da Barra do Rio Negro, now the city of Manaus, capital of the state of Amazonas (Instituto Histério e Geografico Brasileiro in Spix and Martius 1823). The aviculariine species that fit Perty’s illustration and that occur in that area are A. avicularia and A. ju- ruensis. However, based in Perty’s description it is not possible to determine A. ochracea identity. Thus, we considered Avicularia ochracea (Perty, 1833) nomen dubium. Avicularia walckenaerii (Perty, 1833), nomen dubium Mygale walckenaerii Perty, 1833: 191, pl. XXXVIIL, fig. 3; Walckenaer 1837: 217; C. L. Koch 1841: 46, pl. CCCIYV, fig. 720. Avicularia walckenaeri: Simon 1892: 171; Petrunkevitch 1911: 766; 1939: 288; Mello- Leitao 1923: 377; World Spider Catalog 2016. Remarks. Mygale walckenaerii was found in equatorial Brazil by Spix and Martius. The equatorial part of Brazil they explored were the states of Amazonas, Maranhdo and Para. Mygale walckenaerii was described as having an overall dark coloration, with greyish se- tae covering its body and “scarlet feet” (Perty 1833), in reference to vivid reddish rings on tarsi, metatarsi and tibiae. Based on the description (Perty 1833) and considering the probable occurrence area, the specimen depicted by Perty could be an A. rufa or A. variegata stat. n. As it is not possible to positively identify the species described by Perty (1833), we considered Avicularia walckenaerii (Perty, 1833) nomen dubium. Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 129 The holotypes of the species described by Tesmoingt (199G6abc; 1999ab) are not at the Musée d’Histoire Naturelle de Lille, where they should be deposited according to descriptions. We contacted the author and he said the types have never been deposited in any collection. As it is not possible to be sure about the identity of this species only by the information contained in the descriptions, we consider Avicularia azuraklaasi Tesmo- ingt, 1996 nomen dubium, Avicularia braunshauseni Tesmoingt, 1999 nomen dubium, Avicularia geroldi Tesmoingt, 1999 nomen dubium, Avicularia huriana Tesmoingt, 1996 nomen dubium, and Avicularia ulrichea Tesmoingt, 1996 nomen dubium. Avicularia azuraklaasi Tesmoingt, 1996, nomen dubium Avicularia azuraklaasi Tesmoingt, 1996a: 8, figs 1-8; World Spider Catalog 2016. Avicularia braunshauseni Tesmoingt, 1999, nomen dubium Avicularia braunshauseni Tesmoingt, 1999a: 14, figs 1-5; World Spider Catalog 2016. Avicularia geroldi Tesmoingt, 1999, nomen dubium Avicularia geroldi Tesmoingt, 1999b: 17, figs 1-8; World Spider Catalog 2016. Avicularia huriana Tesmoingt, 1996, nomen dubium Avicularia huriana Tesmoingt, 1996b: 6, figs 1-18; 1996c: 2, figs 1A, 2—7, Bullmer et al. 2006: 7, figs 11-14; World Spider Catalog 2016. Avicularia ulrichea Tesmoingt, 1996, nomen dubium Avicularia sp. Tesmoingt, 1996b: 6, fig. unnumbered. Avicularia ulrichea Tesmoingt, 1996c: 2, fig. 1B; World Spider Catalog 2016. Types considered lost, herein. Avicularia soratae Strand, 1907, nomen dubium Avicularia soratae Strand, 1907d: 556; 1907e: 260; Petrunkevitch 1911: 50; 1939: 288; Mello-Leitao 1923: 377; Roewer 1942: 255; World Spider Catalog 2016. Avicularia soratensis: Bonnet 1955: 832. 130 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) Remarks. Strand (1907e) indicated the type is deposited in Litbeck Museum. How- ever, the former collections of the old museum were destroyed in 1942 during World War II (S. Fiiting, pers. comm.). Thus, the type is lost and Avicularia soratae Strand, 1907 is considered, herein, as nomen dubium. The three species below were deposited in Staatliches Museum ftir Naturkunde Stuttgart (SMF). Its arachnological collection was destroyed in World War II and contained at least 169 types of Strand, 9 types of C. Koch and 3 types of Keyserling (Renner 1988). The names Avicularia fasciculata Strand, 1907, Avicularia fasciculata clara Strand, 1907 and Avicularia surinamensis Strand, 1907 are, herein, considered as nomina dubia. Avicularia fasciculata Strand, 1907, nomen dubium Avicularia fasciculata Strand, 1907b: 92; 1907c: 465; Mello-Leitao 1923: 377; Petrunkevitch 1939: 286; Roewer 1942: 254; Bonnet 1955: 831; World Spider Catalog 2016. Avicularia fasciculata clara Strand, 1907, nomen dubium Avicularia fasciculata clara Strand, 1907c: 467; Roewer 1942: 254; World Spider Catalog 2016. Avicularia surinamensis Strand, 1907, nomen dubium Avicularia surinamensis Strand, 1907b: 90; 1907b: 465; Mello-Leitao 1923: 377; Petrunkevitch 1939: 288; Roewer 1942: 255; Bonnet 1955: 833, World Spider Catalog 2016. Note. The Avicularia species considered nomina dubia and nomina nuda by World Spider Catalog (2016) do not have their status changed. Caribena gen. n. http://zoobank.org/45A06052-FAED-48FB-8307-72E3A74048ED Diagnosis. Females and males differ from those of all Aviculariinae genera by having type II urticating setae longer (more than 1 mm long) and slender (less than 0.009 mm wide) (Figs 18, 243) on a conspicuous patch on abdomen dorsum (Figs 241, 254). Additionally, males have a sharp spiniform process in the retrolateral lobe of cymbium (Fig. 306). Etymology. From the Spanish word “caribefa”, meaning “from Caribbean”, the occurrence area of this genus, and is considered feminine in gender. Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 131 Description. Carapace longer than wide, cephalic region slightly raised. Cephalic and thoracic striae inconspicuous or evident. Fovea deep, straight or recurve. Cheli- cera without rastelum. Eye tubercle distinct, slightly raised to raised, wider than long. Anterior row of eyes procurve, posterior slightly recurve. Clypeus narrow or absent. Labium subquadrate, longer than wide, with 95-115 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other on anterior third center. Maxillary lyra absent. Maxilla subretangular, anterior lobe distinctly produced into conical process, inner angle bearing 100—200 cuspules. Sternum longer than wide, with posterior angle acute, not separating coxae IV. Anterior pair of sigilla not evident, middle fusiform, posterior rounded or ellipsoi- dal; all less than one diameter from margin. Leg formula: I=IV II II. Clavate trichobo- thria on distal 2/3 or 1/2 of tarsi I-IV. Tarsi I-IV fully scopulate, IV divided or not by a band of setae. Metatarsi I-II fully scopulate, HI 1/2 to 2/3 distal scopulate, IV 1/2 to 1/3 distal scopulate. Metatarsi IV divided by row of setae. Scopulae of tarsi and meta- tarsi I-II extended very laterally giving them spatulate appearance. Femora IV with- out retrolateral scopulae. Stridulatory setae absent. Leg aspinose. ITC absent; STC without denticles. Posterior lateral spinneret distally elongating, digitiform. Type HU urticating setae very slender on dorsal abdomen, with barbs along entire length in both sexes (Figs 18, 243). Tibial apophysis single branch on prolateral leg I, with weakly- developed base and grouped spiniform setae distally (Fig. 310). Tibial apophysis on leg II absent. Male metatarsus I touches retrolaterally tibial apophysis’ setae when folded. Globous bulb with small subtegulum, lacking prominence (C. /aeta comb. n., Fig. 233) or with developed prominence on tegulum (C. versicolor comb. nov., Fig. 246). Embolus not flattened, lacking keels, about 3.0 to 3.5 times tegulum’s length. Embo- lus medial portion and tegulum’s margin forming an obtuse (C. /aeta comb. n., Fig. 232) or an acute angle (C. versicolor comb. n., Fig. 245) in retrolateral view. Embolus proximal part slightly curved (C. /aeta comb. n., Fig. 233) or very curved (C. versicolor comb. n., Fig. 246) in frontal view; thin distal width, tapering distally (Figs 234; 318). Cymbium subtriangular with subequal lobes, having well-developed sharp process on retrolateral lobe, bearing thin setae (Figs 235, 306). Two completely separated, not- twisted, short (C. /aeta comb. n., Fig. 227) or long spermathecae (C. versicolor comb. n., Fig. 230); with apex with intumescence (C. /aeta comb. n., Fig. 227) or lacking it (C. versicolor comb. n., Fig. 230). Spermathecae almost straight (C. /aeta comb. n., Fig. 227) or with an accentuated outwards curvature medially (C. versicolor comb. n., Fig. 230). Spermatheca midwidth as wide as its base width and weakly-sclerotized area shorter than half the length of well-sclerotized area. Drastic ontogenetic changes on abdominal color pattern. Juveniles have green metallic sheen, no black tarsi (Figs 240, 252) and abdomen with dorsal central longitudinal black stripe connected (C. versicolor comb. n., Fig. 252) or not (C. laeta comb. n., Fig. 240) with conspicuous transversal black stripes. When mature, they lose this pattern. Type species. Mygale laeta C. L. Koch, 1842, herein, designated. Species included. Caribena laeta (C. L. Koch, 1842) comb. n. and Caribena ver- sicolor (Walckenaer, 1837) comb. n. Distribution. Puerto Rico, the U. S. Virgin Island and Martinique (Fig. 226). 132 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) oO Antillena rickwesti comb. nov. | Caribena versicolor comb. nov. A Caribena laeta comb. nov. oO ‘ q ‘ : a * =the! e ~ = si 0 130 260 390 km Figure 226. Map showing records of Caribena gen. n. and Antillena gen. n. ? = uncertain record. Key to males 1 Embolus with proximal part slightly curved in frontal view (Fig. 233), medial portion and tegulum’s margin form an obtuse angle in retrolateral view (Fig. 232); tegulum lacking prominence (Fig. 233)... eee C. laeta comb. n. = Embolus with proximal part very curved in frontal view (Fig. 246), medial por- tion and tegulum’s margin form an acute angle in retrolateral view (Fig. 245); tegulum with developed prominence (Fig. 246)............. C. versicolor comb. n. Key to females 1 Spermathecae almost straight, with intumescence on its apex (Fig. 227)....... EYES Sarda Lat CN cae sss elt aa me dD n an Soe out RatE aes, eau sane a C. laeta comb. n. — Spermathecae with accentuated outwards curvature medially, lacking intu- MECSCCHIES OLS APESKe N23 0) cisncowersinvwnerenemndesavnsess C. versicolor comb. n. Caribena laeta (C. L. Koch, 1842), comb. n. Figs 226-229, 231-243, 310 Mygale laeta C. L. Koch, 1842: 66, pl. CCCX, fig. 732 (lectotype female and paralec- totype immature, here designated, Puerto Rico, Moritz leg., ZMB 2045, exam- ined); Ausserer 1871: 217; F. O. Pickard-Cambridge 1896: 744. Mygale caesia C. L. Koch, 1842: 83, tab. CCCXVII, fig. 744 (syntypes 4 immatures, Puerto Rico, ZMB 2034, examined); F. O. Pickard-Cambridge 1896: 744. Syn. n. Avicularia caesia: Simon 1892: 171; Petrunkevitch 1911: 49, 1929: 20, 51, figs 32-35, 1939: 285; Roewer 1942: 254; Bonnet 1955: 830; World Spider Catalog 2016. Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 133 Avicularia laeta: F. O. Pickard-Cambridge 1896: 744; Petrunkevitch 1911: 50, 1929: 20, 31, 48, fig. 31, 1939: 287; Mello-Leitao 1923: 377; Roewer 1942: 255; Bonnet 1955: 832; World Spider Catalog 2016. Diagnosis. Females can be distinguished from females of C. versicolor comb. n. by al- most straight spermathecae with intumescence on their apex (Figs 227-229). Males dif- fer from males of C. versicolor comb. n. by lacking prominence on tegulum, by having embolus medial portion and tegulum’s margin forming an obtuse angle in retrolateral view and by slightly curved shape of basal part of embolus in frontal view (Fig. 233). Material examined. Puerto Rico, Corozal [18°18'N, 66°19'W], 1 female, M. Martinez col., 19 September 1994 (MNRJ 06909); Puerto Rico. Bayamon [18°22'N, 66°09'W/], 1 male, 19 November 1932 (AMNH PR). Additional material. CUBA: 1 female (ZMB 30732); PUERTO RICO: 1 fe- male (ZMB 30757); Road 10, km 21, 1 female, V. Roth col., 12 July 1977, in foliage of Cecropia tree (AMNH RWO05); Aibonito [18°08'N, 66°15'W], 1 juvenile female, 1-3 June 1915, ref. 3553 (AMNH PR); 1 immature male (AMNH 1.15); Bayamon [18°22'N, 66°09'W], 1 male, T. Fuentes col., 12 September 1989 (AMNH RW04); Corozal [18°18'N, 66°19'W], 1 male, M. Martinez col., 26 September 1994 (MNRJ 06908); 1 male, same collector, 17 September 1991 (MNRJ 06906); 1 male, same collector, 21 September 1991 (MNRJ 06907); Mayaguez [18°12'N, 67°08'W], Tela: Ninguna, 1 female, A. Ruiz col., 15 February 1962 (AMNH PR); Rio Grande, El Yunque [18°20'N, 65°45'W], 1 female, J. Coffey col., 11 October 1993, in silk retreat in bromeliad (AMNH RW03); 1 male, north slope of Turquillo mountains near El Yunque National Forest [18°17'N, 65°48'W], A. Sanchez col., 29 September 1997 (MNRJ 06905); VIRGIN ISLANDS: Saint John [18°20'N, 64°47'W], 1 female, A. Sanchez col., April 1999, in silken retreat in bromeliad (AMNH RW02); Cinnamon Bay [18°21'N, 64°45'W] trail, about 700 m, 1 immature male, R. Zueifel col., in for- est, in a bark, during night, 9 July 1980 (AMNH VI); 1 male, 1 female, Island Project staff col., 18 December 1965 (AMNH VI). Remarks. ‘The syntypic series of Mygale laeta is constituted by specimens poorly conserved: a specimen without spermatheca (thereafter considered immature) and fe- male with characteristic spermathecae, as reason why it was chosen to be lectotype. The syntypic series of Mygale caesia is composed of four very small specimens, with central dark longitudinal stripe and dark transversal stripes on each side of abdomen. They retain the green-blue sheen illustrated on the drawings of C. L. Koch (1842), a pattern characteristic of juveniles from many aviculariines. C. L. Koch (1842) de- scribed these specimens as being a second species of Mygale in Puerto Rico (the first one was M. /aeta). However, it is very probable that both are the same species as it was not found any other aviculariine species in Puerto Rico and these immatures are very similar to C. laeta comb. n. immatures. Thus, we consider VM. caesia as the immature stage of M. /aeta. Since both species were described in the same paper, by page priority Mygale caesia C. L. Koch, 1842 is, herein, considered junior synonym of M. laeta C. L. Koch, 1842 new synonymy. 134 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) Figures 227-230. Caribena gen. n., spermathecae 227-229 Caribena laeta (C. L. Koch, 1842) comb. n., spermathecae variation. 227 Corozal, Puerto Rico (MNRJ 06909) 228 syntype, Puerto Rico (ZMB 2045) 229 Saint John, Virgin Islands (AMNH VI) 230 Caribena versicolor (Walckenaer, 1837) comb. n., Martinique (MNHN-AR 4904). Scale bars = 1 mm. Female. Redescription. AMNH RCW. Carapace: 16.98 long, 14.82 wide, 5.01 high. Chelicera: 7.55 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 13.84, 8.48, 11.16, 9.24, 5.44, 48.16. II: 12.68, 7.52, 9.63, 8.80, 4.84, 43.47. III: 11287, 6:8558.755°8.79,.4991 40.71 WV: 13788,-754 5 11.18) 10°89; 3:92,-47 4 1oPalp: 9.5935. 716 16.27,.=, 5297,.27.00- Midwidthsfemora® 1=IV =. 3.3, 2.6223.08, 3:08; palp=2-58spatellacI—IV2.3.1'6; 2:99\.3.1 83 3:01 ipalp=2 50; tibiael=IV= 2445, 2.56; 2.43, 2.73, palp= 2.01; metatarsi I-IV= 1.98, 1.94, 1.89, 1.87; tarsi I-IV= 2.24, 2.07, 2.14, 2.15, palp= 2.28. Abdomen: 23.50 long, 17.64 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 1.73 long, 0.90 wide, 0.43 apart; PLS, 1.87 basal, 1.67 middle, 2.80 distal; midwidths 1.30, 1.17, 0.76, respectively. Carapace: 1.15 times longer than wide; cephalic region not raised, thoracic striae inconspicuous. Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 135 234 235 Figures 231-238. Caribena laeta (C. L. Koch, 1842) comb. n., male (AMNH PR). 231-234 left palpal bulb 231 prolateral 232 retrolateral 233 frontal 234 dorsal 235 left cymbium, dorsal 236-238 left tibial apophysis of leg I 236 prolateral 237 ventral 238 retrolateral. Scale bars = 1 mm. Fovea: deep, straight, 2.06 wide. Eyes: eye tubercle 1.07 high, 2.43 long, 3.51 wide. Clypeus 0.20. Anterior row of eyes procurve, posterior row slightly recurve. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.80, 136 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) ALE 0.86, PME 0.39, PLE 0.65, AME-AME 0.60, AME-ALE 0.51, AME-PME 0.17, ALE-ALE 2.00, ALE-PME 0.96, PME-PME 1.86, PME-PLE 0.28, PLE-PLE 2.38, ALE-PLE 0.49, AME-PLE 0.57. Maxilla: length to width: 1.68. Cuspules: 100-200 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: 2.28 long, 2.73 wide, with 97 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other on anterior third. Labio-sternal groove shallow, flat, sigilla not evident. Chelicera: basal segment with 12 teeth and some small teeth on promargin. Ster- num: 8.34 long, 6.71 wide. Sigilla: anterior pair not evident, median fusiform, poste- rior elipsoidal, both less than one diameter from margin. Legs: Formula: [V=I II III. Length leg IV to leg I: 0.98. Clavate trichobothria: distal 2/3 tarsi I-IV. Scopula: Tarsi I-IV fully scopulate. IV divided by row of setae. Metatarsi I-II fully scopulate; I-IV 1/2 distal scopulate. IV divided by row of setae. Type II urticating setae (Fig. 243): 1.02—1.33 long, 0.006—0.009 wide. Spermathecae (Fig. 227): two short, almost straight spermathecae bearing intu- mescence (not a well-defined lobe) in their apex. Midwidth as wide as its base width and weakly-sclerotized area shorter than half the length of well-sclerotized area. Color pattern (Fig. 241): carapace brown with golden short body setae. Carapace border long setae the same color as dorsal carapace short body setae. Coxae, labium, sternum and maxillae brown, slightly darker than ventral femora. Legs and palps with golden short body setae with green sheen and dark brown long guard-setae, gradually lightening from base to tip. Leg rings on distal femora, tibiae and metatarsi whitish. Tarsi with an “U” shaped orange stripe. Abdomen with golden brown guard-setae homogeneously distributed and golden short body setae. Ventral abdomen brown. Urticating setae form very distinctive small golden patch on dorso posterior area of abdomen. Male. Description. AMNH. Carapace: 10.22 long, 8.86 wide, 3.05 high. Cheli- cera: 2.96 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 11.12, 5.80, 9.30, 8.75, 4.43, 39.40. I: 10.20, 5.03, 8.86, 8.01, 4.77, 36.87. HI: 9.20, 4.14, 7.14, 7.91, 4.06, 32.45. IV: 10.57, 4.85, 9.54, 9.48, 4.30, 38.74. Palp: 6.68, 3.90, 5.01, -, 1.76, 17.35. Midwidths: femora I-[V= 1.94, 1.80, 1.77, 1.90, palp= 1.53; patellae I- IV=)126991,75, 1.72, 1-70,.palp= 1°38:tibtaeI-IV = 153,135, 1.41) 1-40; palp= 1.42; metatarsi I-IV= 1.16, 1.01, 1.02, 1.08; tarsi I-IV= 1.16, 1.07, 1.27, 1.27, palp= 1.29. Abdomen: 9.79 long, 6.92 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 0.92 long, 0.41 wide, 0.18 apart; PLS, 1.47 basal, 0.80 middle, 1.56 distal; midwidths 0.78, 0.68, 0.48, respectively. As in female, except: Carapace: 1.15 times longer than wide. Fovea: 1.02 wide. Eyes: eye tubercle 0.73 high, 1.65 long, 2.16 wide. Clypeus absent. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.61, ALE 0.61, PME 0.27, PLE 0.48, AME—AME 0.31, AME— ALE 0.25, AME-PME 0.11, ALE-ALE 1.27, ALE-PME 0.72, PME-PME 1.17, PME-PLE 0.07, PLE-PLE 1.67, ALE-PLE 0.24, AME-PLE 0.37. Maxilla: length to width: 1.90. Cuspules: 174. Labium: 1.22 long, 1.45 wide, with 112 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other on anterior half. Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 7 J ot dt Figures 239-242. Caribena laeta (C. L. Koch, 1842) comb. n., Puerto Rico, habitus. 239 immature 240 juvenile 241 female 242 male. Arrow: Urticating setae type II on a conspicuous patch on dorsal abdomen. Photos: R. C. West. Chelicera: basal segment with 8 teeth and some small teeth on promargin. Ster- num: 4.94 long, 3.73 wide. Sigilla: three pairs, posterior rounded, less than one diam- eter from margin. Legs: Formula: [V=I II III. Length leg IV to leg I: 0.98. Metatarsus III scopulate in distal 2/3; IV, in distal 1/2. Type II urticating setae: 1.41—1.71 long and 0.007—0.009 wide. Palp (Figs 231-234): globous bulb with small subtegulum, lacking prominence on tegulum. Embolus: not flattened, lacking keels, 2.32 long in retrolateral view, about 3 times tegulum’s length. Medial portion and tegulum’s margin form an obtuse angle in retrolateral view. Proximal part slightly curved in frontal view; thin distal width, taper- ing distally; basal, middle, and distal width of 0.44, 0.12, 0.04, respectively. Tegulum: 1.25 long, 0.74 high in retrolateral view. Cymbium subtriangular with subequal lobes, having well-developed sharp process on retrolateral lobe, bearing thin setae (Fig. 235). Tibial apophysis (Figs 236—238, 310): single branch on prolateral leg 1, with weak- ly-developed base and grouped spiniform setae distally. Male metatarsus I touches retrolaterally tibial apophysis’ setae when folded. Color pattern ontogeny. Juveniles with metallic sheen, all articles with same blackish color (Fig. 240), and abdomen dorsum with dorsal central longitudinal black 138 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) type II, with barbs along all its length. Detail: region near stalk, female (MNRJ 06909). Scale bar = 100 um. stripe disconnected from transversal black stripes. When mature, they lose this pattern (Figs 241-242). Distribution. Puerto Rico and the U. S. Virgin Island (Lesser Antilles) (Fig. 226). There is a dubious record of a single specimen from Cuba lacking any information on collectors and date. Natural history. Petrunkevitch (1929) mention that three females captured in Puerto Rico were found on retreats inside bromeliad leaves. The author also mentioned retreats of this species are similar to retreats of Avicularia species, consisting of a dense silk tube found in leaves and even in human constructions (Petrunkevitch 1929). Caribena versicolor (Walckenaer, 1837), comb. n. Figs 18, 226, 230, 244-255, 306 Mygale versicolor Walckenaer, 1837: 211 (holotype considered lost). Avicularia rutilans Ausserer, 1875: 184, t. 7, fig. 34 (holotype male, N. Granada, Key- serling collection, BMNH 1890.7.1.359, examined); F. O. Pickard-Cambridge Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 139 1896: 744; Petrunkevitch 1911: 50, 1939: 28; Mello-Leitao 1923: 377; Roewer 1942: 255; Bonnet 1955: 832; World Spider Catalog 2016. Syn. n. Avicularia versicolor: Simon 1892: 171, 172; Petrunkevitch 1911: 51, 766, 1939: 288; Mello-Leitéo 1923: 377; Roewer 1942: 255; World Spider Catalog 2016. Remarks. Avicularia rutilans holotype has same morphology of palpal bulb, tibial apophysis and urticating setae II and the characteristic intense green sheen found in specimens from Martinique. Despite labeled as coming from N. Granada (Colombia, see discussion below), it is undoubtedly a specimen of C. versicolor comb. n. Thus, we consider A. rutilans Ausserer, 1875 as junior synonym of C. versicolor (Walckenaer, 1837) comb. nov. Diagnosis. Females can be distinguished from those of C. /aeta comb. n. by sper- mathecae with accentuated outwards curvature medially and by lacking intumescence on apex (Fig. 230). Males differ from males of C. /aeta comb. n. by developed promi- nence on tegulum (Fig. 246), embolus medial portion and tegulum’s margin form an acute angle in retrolateral view (Fig. 245) and by very curved shape of basal part of embolus in frontal view (Fig. 246). Type material. Holotype considered, herein, lost since it is not in MNHN-AR where it should be deposited according to description (Walckenaer 1837). Here, we establish the male AR 4904 as the neotype since no holotype is believed to be extant and a type is considered necessary to define the taxon objectively because the original name is involved in a complex taxonomic problem (article 75.1, ICZN 1999). Material examined. Martinique, 6 females, 2 males (one male established here as neotype), 1 immature male, Gambey col., (MNHN-AR 4904, Box 314). Additional material. CUBA: 1 male, 2 females (MNHN-—AR); MARTINIQUE: Le Carbet [14°42'N, 61°10'W], Morne Carbet, 1500 m, forest, 2 males, 18 March 1967 (AMNH); 1 male, Beatty col., 1967 (AMNH), from trees, 1 female (AMNH); Absalon [14°41'N, 61°6'W], 1 immature male, Vaunes, 16 June 1960 (AMNH Ma); Anse Céron [14°50'N, 61°13'W], 1 km SE, 1 male, J. Paterson col., 7 July 1998 (AMNH RW07), same data, 1 male (AMNH RW06); 1 male, Le Précheur, west of Mountain Pelée, P. Charbonnet col., 21 August 1998, on side of tree (MNRJ 06914). Remarks. In order to describe Mygale versicolor, Walckenaer (1837) used a female from Guadeloupe and a male from Brazil. Even though he considered Avanea hirtipes Fabricius, 1787 described from French Guiana as a synonym of MM. versicolor, Walck- enaer (1837) did not include Cayenne nor Brazil in the distribution area, only Guade- loupe and Martinique. Concerning the description, the female corresponds to C. ver- sicolor comb. n., but the male did not, since it was described as having a two-branched tibial apophysis and occurs in Brazil. Therefore, the syntype series is composed of two different species, causing a complex taxonomic problem that lasted for years. C. L. Koch (1842) apparently followed Walckenaer (1837) but formally extended the species distribution to Brazil. A few years later, the same author (C. L. Koch 1850) transferred this species to Lasiodora, creating the new combination Lasiodora versicolor. 140 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) Figures 244-251. Caribena versicolor (Walckenaer, 1837) comb. n., male neotype (MNHN-AR 4904). 244-247 left palpal bulb 244 prolateral 245 retrolateral 246 frontal 247 dorsal 248 left cymbium, dorsal 249-25 1 left tibial apophysis of leg I 249 prolateral 250 ventral 251 retrolateral. Scale bars = 1 mm. In 1871, Ausserer (1871) erected the new genus Homoeomma Ausserer, 1871 with a single species, Homoeomma versicolor (Walckenaer, 1837). Ausserer (1871) examined a male and a female from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and considered Mygale versicolor sensu Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 141 C. L. Koch, 1842 and Lasiodora versicolor (C. L. Koch, 1850) synonyms of H. versi- color. Years later, O. Pickard-Cambridge (1881) explicitly considered as being distinct the concepts of M. versicolor from C. L. Koch (1842) and Walckenaer (1837). He described a new species, Homoeomma stradlingi O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1881, based on the concept of Mygale versicolor used by C. L. Koch, and in a female and two males from Brazil (O. Pickard-Cambridge 1881). The species H. versicolor was included in the synonymic list with a question mark by O. Pickard-Cambridge (1881). Simon (1892) considered that M. versicolor Walckenaer was erroneously reported as Homoeomma and it was, in fact, an Avicularia species very common in Lesser Antil- les. As a consequence, it is likely Simon (1892) ignored the combination H. versicolor and considered H. stradlingi as the type species of Homoeomma. A problem lies with the identity of Mygale versicolor Walckenaer, 1837. This name is constantly applied to aviculariine species found in Martinique. However, as mentioned before, the type series consists of two different species: one aviculariine; and the other a theraphosine. As the description is vague and syntype series is here considered lost, we decide to establish a neotype in order to preserve the name’s stability and its usage. Female. Redescription. AR 4904. Carapace: 19.07 long, 16.75 wide, 5.33 high. Chelicera: 6.90 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 14.29, 8.76, 10.86, 9.49, 6.12, 49.52. II: 13.16, 7.74, 10.32, 9.23, 5.92, 46.37. III: 11.96, 7.64, 9.49, 9.40, 5.18, 43.67. IV: 14.86, 7.98, 12.21, 13.25, 5.99, 54.29. Palp: 10.16, 6.58, 6.79, —, 7.42, 30.95. Midwidths: femora I-IV= 3.61, 3.74, 3.80, 3.59, palp= 2.90; patellae I-IV= 3.67, 3.62, 3.30, 3.48, palp= 3.06; tibiae I-IV= 3.08, 2.69, 2.91, 3.06, palp= 2.83; metatarsi -IV= 2.37, 2.27, 2.60, 2.03; tarsi I-IV= 2.86, 2.58, 2.75, 2.89, palp= 2.92. Abdomen: 22.09 long, 17.02 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 1.45 long, 1.01 wide, 0.10 apart; PLS, 2.56 basal, 0.77 middle, 3.04 distal; midwidths 2.10, 1.75, 1.52, respectively. Carapace: 1.14 times longer than wide; cephalic region not raised, carapace striae inconspicuous. Fovea: deep, slightly recurve, 2.33 wide. Eyes: eye tubercle 1.11 high, 2.20 long, 3.18 wide. Clypeus 0.64. Anterior row of eyes procurve, posterior slightly recurve. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.78, ALE 0.83, PME 0.36, PLE 0.82, AME-AME 0.47, AME-ALE 0.51, AME-PME 0.22, ALE-ALE 1.83, ALE-PME 0.75, PME-PME 1.78, PME-PLE 0.12, PLE-PLE 2.38, ALE-PLE 0.43, AME-PLE 0.67. Maxilla: length to width: 1.84. Cuspules: 100-200 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: 2.07 long, 3.19 wide, with 115 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other on anterior third. Labium sternal groove shallow, flat, sigilla not evident. Chelicera: basal segment with 11 teeth and some small teeth on promargin. Ster- num: 10.21 long, 6.83 wide. Sigilla: only posterior pair evident, rounded, less than one diameter from margin. Legs: Formula: [V=I II II. Length leg IV to leg I: 1.10. Clavate trichobothria: dis- tal 1/2 tarsi I-IV. Scopulae: Tarsi I-IV fully scopulate. Metatarsi I-II fully scopulate, III 1/2, IV 1/3 distal scopulate. IV divided by a row of setae. 142 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) 254 female 255 male. Arrow: urticating setae type I] on conspicuous patch on dorsal abdomen. Photos: R. C. West. Type II urticating setae: 1.33—1.58 long, 0.006—0.009 wide. Spermathecae (Fig. 230): two completely separated, not-twisted long spermathe- cae, with walls lacking projections or lobes and accentuated outwards curvature medi- ally. Midwidth as wide as its base width and weakly-sclerotized area shorter than half the length of well-sclerotized area. Color pattern (Fig. 254): carapace brown with golden short body setae with very intense green sheen. Carapace border with long setae the same color as dorsal carapace short body setae, but with iridescent sheen. Coxae, labium, sternum and maxillae light brown, same color of ventral femora. Legs and palps with gold short body setae with green sheen and brown long guard-setae with very intense iridescent sheen. Leg rings on distal femora, tibiae and metatarsi same color as the rest of segment. Dorsal abdo- men with vivid red long guard-setae with very intense iridescent sheen homogeneously distributed and black, short body setae. Ventral abdomen brown. Urticating setae form very distinctive small bronze patch on dorso posterior area of abdomen. Male. Description. AR 4904. Carapace: 16.01 long, 15.05 wide, 4.50 high. Cheli- cera: 6.16 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 14.39, 8.80, 11.38, 10, 76,°6.18, 51515 WAS 64, 28:34, 11,035, 10:3:14°5, 80949912 ME 12).28,6.97.),9:43; 10.27, 5.57, 44.52. IV: 15.01, 7.65, 12.92, 13.89, 5.41, 54.88. Palp: 9.26, 5.83, 7.00, Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 143 —, 2.93, 25.02. Midwidths: femora I -[V= 3.08, 3.13, 3.20, 2.92, palp= 2.24; patellae I- IM= 32750288; 2:9 2,506, palp=-2:30-tibiae IHPVe2) 902143) 2532 92.59; palp= 275 metatarsi I-IV= 1.61, 1.76, 1.85, 1.71; tarsi I-IV= 2.02, 2.01, 2.06, 2.07, palp= 2.23. Abdomen: 18.41 long, 13.01 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 1.94 long, 0.92 wide, 0.30 apart; PLS, 2.40 basal, 1.14 middle, 2.64 distal; midwidths 1.52, 1.36, 1.14, respectively. As in female, except: Carapace: 1.06 times longer than wide. Fovea: 1.27 wide. Eyes: eye tubercle 1.14 high, 2.30 long, 3.01 wide. Clypeus 0.54. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.78, ALE 0.70, PME 0.31, PLE 0.62, AME—AME 0.41, AME-— ALE 0.51, AME-PME 0.13, ALE-ALE 1.94, ALE-PME 0.68, PME-PME 1.73, PME-PLE 0.16, PLE—PLE 2.14, ALE—PLE 0.18, AME-—PLE 0.55. Maxilla: length to width: 1.77. Labium: 1.89 long, 2.73 wide, with 95 cuspules. Labium sternal groove with two large separate sigilla. Chelicera: basal segment with 10 teeth and some small teeth on promargin. Ster- num: 7.49 long, 6.41 wide. Sigilla: three pairs, large posterior. Legs: Length leg IV to leg I: 1.07. Scopula: tarsus IV with few, sparse setae. Meta- tarsus IV divided by a row of setae. Type II urticating setae (Fig. 18): 1.61—1.75 long, 0.007—0.011 wide. Palp (Figs 244-247): globous bulb with small subtegulum and developed promi- nence on tegulum. Embolus: not flattened, lacking keels, 4.64 long in retrolateral view, about 3 times tegulum’s length. Medial portion and tegulum’s margin form an acute an- gle in retrolateral view. Proximal part very curved in frontal view; thin distal width, taper- ing distally; basal, middle, and distal width of 0.70, 0.22, 0.08, respectively. Tegulum: 2.42 long, 1.51 high in retrolateral view. Cymbium subtriangular with subequal lobes, having developed sharp process on retrolateral lobe, bearing thin setae (Figs 248, 306). Tibial apophysis (Fig. 250): single branch on prolateral leg I, with weakly-devel- oped base and grouped spiniform setae distally. Male metatarsus I touches retrolater- ally tibial apophysis’ setae when folded. Color pattern ontogeny. Juveniles with metallic sheen, all articles with same blackish color (Fig. 252) and abdomen dorsum with dorsal central longitudinal black stripe connected with all transversal black stripes.(Fig. 253). When mature, they lose this pattern (Figs 254-255). Distribution. Martinique (Fig. 226). Remark. Contrasting with Walckenaer’s description (Walckenaer 1837), this spe- cies is not found on Guadeloupe Island (P. Marechal, pers. comm.). Thus, it is possible that Walckenaer (1837) used a specimen from Martinique, which is close to Guade- loupe Island and also French territory, but recorded as coming from Guadeloupe. Similar situations were very common in past centuries. Occurrence of C. versicolor comb. n. in Cuba is still doubtful since the specimens here analyzed are very old and the only ones known from Cuba in the entirety of arach- nological collections examined. ‘The record of A. rutilans, junior synonym of C. versicolor comb. n. in Nova Granada, former name of Colombia, is also doubtful. There is no other 144 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) record of this species in Colombia nor in any other continental territory. An explanation could be that this specimen was dispatched from Bogota, an important South Amercian commercial center in eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, which is near the Antilles. Natural history. It was poorly known until a few years ago. The situation changed since an extensive and detailed ecological and populational study was carried out by Maréchal et al. (2009) on Martinique. They pointed out that C. versicolor comb. n. prefers mesophyll forests, building its retreat in Bromeliacea leaves, between tree branches, inside bamboo trunks, over tree trunks and also within human construc- tions (Maréchal et al. 2009). Its life cycle is about two years, reaching sexual maturity around 18 months, after approximately ten molts; the reproductive period is in March and eggsac eclosion is in May and June (Maréchal et al. 2009). Remarks. Two color forms are known, one with specimens having leg and palp hairs in bright red and the other with specimens with darker hairs on legs and palps. Ybyrapora gen. n. http://zoobank.org/68B8A50A-E657-409 1-893 1-58859EF55AAC Figs 256-283, 295-298, 305, 308, 319 Diagnosis. Ybyrapora gen. n. can be distinguished from all other aviculariine genera, ex- cept Avicularia, Caribena gen. n., Lridopelma and Typhochlaena by procurve anterior row of eyes. It can be distinguished from Typhochlaena by digitiform apical article of PLS. From Iridopelma by males lacking tibial apophysis on tibiae II and females by long spermathe- cae, with accentuated outwards curvature medially. It differs from Caribena gen. n. by stout urticating setae on abdomen dorsum of male and female, and by lacking sharp pro- cess bearing thin setae on retrolateral lobe of cymbium in males. From Avicularia females it can be distinguished by having virtually non-sclerotized spermathecae (Figs 257-259). From Avicularia males (except A. minatrix, A. lynnae sp. n., A. caei sp. n., and A hirschit) it differ by lacking developed tibial apophysis (Fig. 308). Males of Y. diversipes comb n. can be distinguished from those of four species by having very long embolus strongly curved in frontal view (Fig. 278). Males of Y. sooretama comb. n. and Y. gamba comb. n. differ from those of A. /ynnae sp. n., A. caei sp. n., and A. hirschii by lacking well-developed process on cymbium (Fig. 305). They can be distinguished from A. minatrix by color pattern of a single red (Fig. 297) or dark longitudinal stripe on the abdomen dorsum. Etymology. From the ancient Tupi, the classic indigenous language from Brazil, “ybyra”, meaning “tree”; and “pora”, meaning “those that lives in”. Thus, Ybyrapora means “those that lives in trees”, regarding the arboreal habit of the three species of the genus. Description. Carapace slightly longer than wide, cephalic region slightly raised. Cephalic and thoracic striae inconspicuous or conspicuous. Fovea shallow and straight. Chelicera without rastelum. Eye tubercle distinct, slightly raised, wider than long. An- terior row of eyes procurve, posterior slightly recurve or recurve. Clypeus absent or narrow. Labium subquadrate, wider than long, with 35—130 cuspules on anterior third Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 145 center, spaced by more than one diameter from each other on anterior third. Maxil- lary lyra absent. Maxilla subretangular, anterior lobe distinctly produced into conical process, inner angle bearing 80—200 cuspules. Sternum longer than wide, posterior angle acute, not separating coxae IV. Sigilla anterior not evident, middle fusiform, posterior ellipsoidal, one to 1.5 diameter from margin. Leg formula: I=IV II II (most species) or IV I II III (Y. sooretama comb. n. female). Clavate trichobothria on the distal 2/3 to 1/2 of tarsi I-IV. Tarsi I-IV fully scopulate, IV divided or not by band of setae. Metatarsi I-II 4/5 to fully scopulate, III 2/3, IV 2/3 to 1/3 distal scopulate. Metatarsi IV divided by row of setae. Scopulae of tarsi and metatarsi I-II extended very laterally giving them spatulate appearance. Femora IV without retrolateral scopulae. Stridulatory setae absent. Spiniform setae absent. ITC absent; STC without denticles. Posterior lateral spinneret distally elongating, digitiform. Typical type II urticating setae on dorsal abdomen. Tibia I with discrete elevation covered by a cluster of setae in apical portion, on prolateral side (Y. diversipes comb. n.) (Fig. 282) or lacking modi- fications (other species) (Fig. 266). Tibial apophysis on leg II absent. Globous bulb with small subtegulum and developed prominence on tegulum (Y. sooretama comb. n.) (Fig. 262) or without prominence (other species) (Figs 270, 278). Embolus not flattened, lacking keels, about 3 to 3.5 times tegulum’s length (Y. sooretama comb. n. and Y. gamba comb. n.) (Figs 261, 269) or more than 4 times tegulum’s length (Y. diversipes comb. n.) (Fig. 277). Embolus medial portion and tegulum’s margin form- ing an obtuse angle in retrolateral view (Y. sooretama comb. n. and Y. gamba comb. n.) (Figs 261, 269) or forming very acute angle in retrolateral view (Y. diversipes comb. n.) (Fig. 277). Embolus proximal part very curved in frontal view (Y. sooretama comb. n. and Y. diversipes comb. n.) (Figs 262, 278) or slightly curved (Y. gamba comb. n.) (Fig. 270). Embolus with thin distal width, tapering distally (Y. diversipes comb. n. and Y. gamba comb. n.) (Figs 279, 271) or narrowing abruptly (Y. sooretama comb. n.) (Fig. 263). Cymbium subtriangular with subequal lobes, having well- developed rounded process on retrolateral lobe, bearing thick setae (Y. diversipes comb. n.) (Fig. 280) or lacking any process (Y. sooretama comb. n. and Y. gamba comb. n.) (Figs 264, 272). Spermathecae with accentuated outwards curvature medially, virtually not sclerotized, completely separated, not-twisted and with midwidth as wide as its base width (Figs 257-259). Spermathecae long (Y. sooretama comb. n. and Y. gamba comb. n.) (Figs 257-258) or very long (Y. diversipes comb. n.) (Fig. 259), with multilobular apex (Y. sooretama comb. n.) (Fig. 257) or lacking lobes (other species) (Figs 258-259). Drastic ontogenetic changes on abdominal color pattern. Immatures with abdomen with a central longitudinal reddish stripe inside a dark area with zigzag borders connected to transverse dark stripes (Fig. 295). Males with central longitudinal stripe on dorsal ab- domen (Y. sooretama comb. n. and Y. gamba comb. n.) or lacking stripes (Y. diversipes comb. n.). Type species. Avicularia sooretama Bertani & Fukushima, 2009, here designated. Species included. Ybyrapora sooretama (Bertani & Fukushima, 2009) comb. n., Ybyrapora diversipes (C. L. Koch, 1842) comb. n. and Ybyrapora gamba (Bertani & Fukushima, 2009) comb. n. 146 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) i@r diversipes comb. nov. iA Y gamba comb. nov. WY. sooretama comb. nov. Figure 256. Map showing records of Ybyrapora gen. n. Distribution and habitat. Brazil, in Atlantic rainforest from Bahia to southern Rio de Janeiro (see Bertani and Fukushima 2009, appendix A, fig. 17) (Fig. 256). Key for Ybyrapora gen. n. species Males Embolus length more than 4 times tegulum’s length (Fig. 277) 0... eee EI ig Ns IR RN oA Rata nde i Saeed Bed Roa Y. diversipes comb. n. Embolus length from 3.0 to 3.5 times tegulum’s length (Figs 261, 269).....2 Abdomen dorsum with dark central longitudinal stripe, tegulum with devel- oped prominence, embolus with basal part very curved in frontal view (Fig. 22h, 2.01 eee eee, eee ee en le Y. sooretama comb. n. Abdomen dorsum with red central longitudinal stripe (Fig. 297), tegulum lacking prominence (Fig. 270), embolus with basal part slightly curved in frontaliviewsGh ig 27 0) ec nmecwmasis cm, 05 cc cedsy ass sa, gasses Y. gamba comb. n. Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 147 Females 1 Spermathecae extremely long, with distal apex reaching base (Fig. 259)........ PR EER SEE ch RI EE Pr Y. diversipes comb. n. - Short spermarhecae,-distal apexnot reaching base sii. cacuceecesesosrenetsernosooredes 2 z Spermathecae with multilobular apex (Fig. 257)....... Y. sooretama comb. n. — Spermathecae lacking lobes on apex (Fig. 258) ......... Y. gamba comb. n. Ybyrapora sooretama (Bertani & Fukushima, 2009), comb. n. Figs 256-257, 260-267, 298, 308 Avicularia sooretama Bertani & Fukushima, 2009: 29, figs 5-8, 17, Appendix II, figs B1-B4 (holotype male, Brazil, state of Espirito Santo, Reserva Biolégica de So- oretama [18°59'S, 40°07'W], at night, AMNRJ, 18 April 2006, MNRJ 18435 and paratype female, Brazil, state of Espirito Santo, Pinheiros, Reserva Bioldgica Cérrego do Veado (18°37'0.16"S, 40°14'1.60"W), 71 m a.s.l., AMNRJ, 22 Oc- tober 2005, MNRJ 12930, examined); Bertani 2102: 5, 79; 80, 88; World Spider Catalog 2016. Diagnosis (amended from Bertani and Fukushima 2009). Females of Y. sooretama comb. n. resemble those of Y. gamba comb. n. by elongated spermathecae with accentu- ated outwards curvature medially and by retaining vestiges of characteristic juvenile color pattern on abdomen. ‘They differ from those of Y. gamba comb. n. by spermathecae bear- ing multilobular apex (Fig. 257). Males resemble those of Y. gamba comb. n. by embolus length 3.0 to 3.5 times tegulum’s length and lacking a very strong curvature in frontal view (Fig. 262). They differ from those of Y. gamba comb. n. by developed prominence on tegulum (Fig. 262) and by central longitudinal black stripe on dorsal abdomen. Description, color pattern ontogeny, distribution and natural history. See Bertani and Fukushima (2009) (Fig. 256). Complementary description. Male: Palp (Figs 260-263): globous bulb with small subtegulum and developed prominence on tegulum. Embolus: not flattened, lacking keels, 3.15 long in retrolateral view, about 3.5 times tegulum’s length. Medial portion and tegulum’s margin form an obtuse angle in retrolateral view. Proximal part very curved in frontal view; thin distal width, abruptly narrowing distally; basal, middle, and distal width of 0.63, 0.13, 0.03, respectively. Tegulum: 1.61 long, 0.94 high. Cymbium subtriangular with subequal lobes, lacking process on retrolateral lobe (Fig. 264). Tibial apophysis in leg I absent (Figs 265-267). Type II urticating setae: 0.633—-0.681 long; 0.012—0.016 wide in male; 0.422— 0.490 long; 0.009-0.012 wide in female. Female: Spermathecae (Fig. 257): two completely separated, not-twisted, long spermathecae, with multilobular apex and accentuated outwards curvature medially. Spermatheca midwidth as wide as its base width, virtually non-sclerotized. 148 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) Figures 257-259. Ybyrapora gen. n., spermathecae variation. 257 Ybyrapora sooretama (Bertani & Fukushima, 2009) comb. n., Reserva Bioldgica de Sooretama, state of Espirito Santo, Brazil, paratype (MNRJ 12930) 258 Ydyrapora gamba (Bertani & Fukushima, 2009) comb. n., RPPN Jequitiba, Elisio Medrado, state of Bahia, Brazil, paratype (MZUSP 31116) 259 Ybyrapora diversipes (C. L. Koch, 1842) comb. n., Ilhéus, state of Bahia, Brazil (IBSP 11754). Scale bars = 1 mm. Ybyrapora gamba (Bertani & Fukushima, 2009), comb. n. Figs 256, 258, 268-275, 295-297 Avicularia gamba Bertani & Fukushima, 2009: 32, figs 9-12, 16-17, Appendix IH, figs C1—C6 (holotype male, Brazil, state of Bahia, Elisio Medrado, RPPN Jequiti- ba, (12°52'3.20"S, 39°28'9.09"W), R. Bertani, C. S. Fukushima and R. H. Na- gahama col., 7 October 2007, collected at night, found immature inside a retreat made with silk and leaves, matured in captivity on June 2009, MZUSP 31115, and paratype, female, Brazil, state of Bahia, Elisio Medrado, RPPN Jequitiba, (12°52'3.20"S, 39°28'9.09"W), R. Bertani, C. S. Fukushima and R. H. Naga- hama col., 7 October 2007, collected at night, found immature inside a retreat made with silk and leaves, MZUSP 31116, examined); Bertani 2012: 5, 79; 80, 88; World Spider Catalog 2016. Diagnosis (amended from Bertani and Fukushima 2009). Females of Y gamba comb. n. resemble those of Y. sooretama comb. n. by elongated spermathecae with accentuated outwards curvature medially (Fig. 258) and by retaining vestiges of the characteristic juvenile color pattern on abdomen (Fig. 298). They differ from those of Y. sooretama comb. n. by spermathecae lacking multilobular apex (Fig. 258). Males Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 149 261 260 = z= - a A Sop Z Z, Zp, wee gts #. < lyf 1s 264 Figures 260-267. Ybyrapora sooretama (Bertani & Fukushima, 2009) comb. n., male holotype (MNRJ 18435). 260-263 right palpal bulb (mirrored) 260 prolateral 261 retrolateral 262 frontal 263 dorsal 264 right cymbium, dorsal (mirrored) 265-267 left tibia 1 265 prolateral 266 ventral 267 retrolateral. Scale bars = 1 mm. resemble those of Y sooretama comb. n. by embolus length 3.0 to 3.5 times tegulum’s length (Fig. 269) and by lacking strong curvature in frontal view (Fig. 270). They differ from those of Y. sooretama comb. n. by lacking prominence on tegulum (Fig. 270) and by having central longitudinal red stripe on dorsal abdomen (Fig. 297). 150 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) iif) i é \ 273 \{ 272 Y/ Figures 268-275. Ybyrapora gamba (Bertani & Fukushima, 2009) comb. n., male holotype (MZUSP 31115). 268—271 left palpal bulb 268 prolateral 269 retrolateral 270 frontal 271 dorsal 272 left cymbium, dorsal 273-275 left tibia leg 1 273 prolateral 274 ventral 275 retrolateral. Scale bars = 1 mm. Diagnosis, material examined, description, color pattern ontogeny, distribution and natural history. See Bertani and Fukushima (2009) (Fig. 256). Complementary description. Male: Palp (Figs 268-271): globous bulb with small subtegulum lacking prominence on tegulum. Embolus: not flattened, lacking keels, 2.34 long in retrolateral view, about 3.5 times tegulum’s length. Medial portion Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 11 and tegulum’s margin form an obtuse angle in retrolateral view. Proximal part slightly curved in frontal view; thin distal width, tapering distally; basal, middle, and distal width of 0.44, 0.11, 0.03, respectively. Tegulum: 1.03 long, 0.59 high. Cymbium subtriangular with subequal lobes, lacking process on retrolateral lobe (Fig. 272). Tibial apophysis in leg I absent (Figs 273-275). Type II urticating setae: 0.605—0.750 long; 0.012—0.017 wide in male; 0.301-0.352 long; 0.006—0.009 wide in female (ecdise). Female: Spermathecae (Fig. 258): two completely separated, not-twisted long spermathecae lacking lobes and accentuated outwards curvature medially. Spermathe- ca midwidth as wide as its base width, virtually not sclerotized. Ybyrapora diversipes (C. L. Koch, 1842), comb. n. Figs 256, 259, 276-283, 319 Mygale diversipes C. L. Koch, 1841: 65, pl. CCCX, fig. 731 (lectotype female, Brazil, Bahia, Freir. leg., ZMB 2943, examined). Eurypelma diversipes: C. L. Koch 1850: 73; Simon 1864: 67, 1892: 172; Ausserer 1871: 202; Roewer 1942: 239; Bonnet 1955: 1831; 1957: 2990. Avicularia diversipes: F. O. Pickard-Cambridge 1896: 744; Bertani and Fukushima 2009: 26 (figs 1-4, 13-15, 17, Appendix I, figs Al1—AG); Bertani 2102: 5, 79; 80, 88; World Spider Catalog 2016. Diagnosis (amended from Bertani and Fukushima 2009). Females differ from those of Y sooretama comb. n. and Y gamba comb. n. by presenting very long, strongly curved outwards spermathecae with its distal portion almost reaching the spermathe- cae base (Fig. 259). Males differ from those of Y. gamba sp. comb. n. and Y¥. sooretama comb. n. by having embolus more than four times tegulum’s length, with strong curva- ture in frontal view (Fig. 278) and cymbium with well-developed process bearing thick setae on retrolateral lobe (Fig. 280). Material examined. Female, Brazil, state of Bahia, Ilhéus, CEPLAC [14°46'S, 39°13'W], R. Bertani & G. Puorto col., March 1991 (IBSP 11754); male, same local- ity, collectors and date (IBSP 119271 ref. 64.583). Diagnosis, other material examined, description, color pattern ontogeny, dis- tribution and natural history. See Bertani and Fukushima (2009). Complementary description. Male: Palp (Figs 276-279): globous bulb with small subtegulum, lacking prominence on tegulum. Embolus: not flattened, lacking keels, 7.76 long in retrolateral view, about 7 times tegulum’s length. Medial portion and tegulum’s margin form very acute angle in retrolateral view. Proximal part very curved in frontal view; thin distal width, tapering distally; basal, middle, and distal width of 1.05, 0.35, 0.08 respectively. Tegulum: 1.89 long, 1.08 high. (Fig. 319). Cymbium subtriangular with subequal lobes, with a well-developed rounded process on retrolateral lobe, bearing thick setae (Fig. 280). 152 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) Figures 276-283. Ybyrapora diversipes (C. L. Koch, 1842) comb. n., male (IBSP 119271). 276-279 left palpal bulb 276 prolateral 277 retrolateral 278 frontal 279 dorsal 280 left cymbium, dorsal 281-283 left tibia I 281 prolateral 282 ventral 283 retrolateral. Scale bars = 1 mm. Tibia I with discrete elevation covered by a cluster of setae in apical portion, on prolateral side (Figs 281-283). Type II urticating setae: 0.791—0.860 long; 0.017—0.020 wide in male; 0.427— 0.520 long; 0.012—0.016 wide in female. Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 153 Female: Spermathecae (Fig. 259): two completely separated, not-twisted very long spermathecae, with walls lacking lobes and accentuated outwards curvature medially. Spermatheca midwidth as wide as its base width, virtually non-sclerotized. Antillena Bertani, Huff & Fukushima, gen. n. http://zoobank.org/D95B044F-8 15A-48F 1-85D7-37C1669F86B3 Figs 226, 284-294 Avicularia rickwesti Bertani & Huff, 2013: 333, figs 2-19 (holotype female, Domini- can Republic, Pedernales Province, Parque Nacional Jaragua, track into park (un- marked) between Manuel Goya (Manuell Goa [sic]) and Oviedo (17°48'41.5"N, 71°26'35.9"W), 83.3 m as.l., 09 July 2004, J. Huff and E. S. Volschenk leg., (collecting permit #01496), AMNH, and paratype female, Dominican Repub- lic, Independencia Province: Parque Nacional Sierra de Baoruco, Rabo de Gato (18°18'39.1"N, 71°34'54.4"W), 408 ma.s.l., 10 July 2004, J. Huff & E. S. Vols- chenk leg., collection permit #01496, AMNH, examined); Kaderka 2016: 121, figs 2-11; World Spider Catalog 2016. Etymology. Named after the type locality, the Antilles, where Dominican Republic is located, and is considered feminine in gender. Type species. Avicularia rickwesti Bertani & Huff, 2013, by monotypy. Species included. Anzillena rickwesti (Bertani & Huff, 2013) comb. n. Diagnosis. Female differs from those of other Aviculariinae species by having two very short and broad spermathecae, with distal half strongly sclerotized (Fig. 284). Ad- ditionally, they can be distinguished by spiniform setae in prolateral and/or retrolateral side of coxae I-IV. Males can be distinguished by the very flattened embolus with keels (Figs 285-288) as well as abdominal leaf pattern (Fig. 294). Description. See species description. Material examined. 1 male, Dominican Republic, Pedernales Province, Ja- ragua National Park, Los Tres Charcos, road to Fondo Paradi (17°48'7.45"N, 71°26'5.41"W), R. C. West and J. Huff col., 20 February 2012, matured in captivity 10 April 2014 (AMNH). 284 Figure 284. Antillena rickwesti (Bertani & Huff, 2013) comb. n., Dominican Republic (AMNH), sper- mathecae. Scale bars = 1 mm. 154 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) thon 1292 ———___ 289 yy ‘290 Figures 285-292. Anztillena rickwesti (Bertani & Huff, 2013) comb. n., male (AMNH). 285-288 left palpal bulb 285 prolateral 286 retrolateral 287 frontal 288 dorsal 289 left cymbium, dorsal 290-292 left tibial apophysis of leg 1 290 prolateral 291 ventral 292 retrolateral. Scale bars = 1 mm. Additional material. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Pedernales: 5 km south of Ma- nuel Goya [17°52'N, 71°29'W], 1 female, R. C. West col., 20 February 2012, in silk retreat of scrub tree (AMNH RW01); Jaragua National Park, Los Tres Charcos, road Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... lie ye Figures 293-294. Anztillena rickwesti (Bertani & Huff, 2013) comb. n., habitus. 293 immature 294 male. Photos: 293 A. Tosto; 294 R. C. West. Z “ ates his oe Pies Hale SU ee = one | Figures 295-298. Dorsal abdominal patterns of Ybyrapora gen n. 295=297 Y. gamba (Bertani & Fukushima, 2009) comb. n. 295 immature 296 adult female 297 male 298 Y. sooretama (Bertani & Fukushima, 2009) comb. n., adult female. Photos: C. $. Fukushima. to Fondo Paradi (17°48'7.45"N, 71°26'5.41"W), 1 female, R. C. West and J. Huff col., 20 February 2012 (AMNH). Female. see Bertani and Huff (2013). Male. Description. AMNH. Carapace: 10.4 long, 9.9 wide, 2.98 high. Chelicera: 6.7 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 9.9, 5.9, 7.7, 8.2, 4.8, 156 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) Figures 299-304. Legs and abdominal characters. 299-300 leg rings coloration on metatarsi and tibiae, and guard-setae coloration on legs 299 Avicularia avicularia, female, whitish leg rings and homogeneous coloration along guard-setae on legs 300 Avicularia rufa, female, yellow leg rings and guard-setae with darker base and contrasting whitish apex on legs 301 Psalmopoeus irminia, male, longer setae laterally pro- jected on legs 302 Avicularia rufa, female, abdominal setae covering heterogeneously 303 Avicularia avicu- laria, female, abdominal setae covering heterogeneously 304 Avicularia purpurea, female, abdominal setae covering homogeneously. Photos: 299-301 R. Bertani; 302-303 C. S. Fukushima, 304 R. C. West. 35.0: WE9 64 55.7165 7-9) 4563328, Le. 4:-6;46.6,. 7.1 430 IV 1025.2, 8.7, 8.4, 3.8, 36.3. Palp: 6.2, 3.6, 4.6, —, 2.5, 21.1. Midwidths: femora I-IV= 2.1, 1.9, 2.2, 2.1, palp=1.6; patellae I-IV=2.0, 2.0, 1.9, 2.0, palp=1.6; tibiae I-IV=1.8, 1.6, 1.6, 1.9, palpei.7; metatarsi I-[V=1.1, 1.1, 1.0, 1.1; tarsi I-[V=1.1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, palp=1.3. Abdomen 14.9 long, 10.7 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 0.9 long, 0.3 wide, 0.1 apart; PLS, 1.7 basal, 1.0 middle, 2.0 distal; midwidths 1.1, 0.8, 0.6, respectively. Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... ile #74 Figures 305-311. Aviculariine characters. 305-307 cymbium process, dorsal 305 Ybyrapora gamba comb. n., holotype (MZUSP 31115), absent 306-307 well-developed process 306 Caribena versicolor comb. n. (MNHN-AR 4904), sharp and bearing thin setae 307 Avicularia juruensis (CAS 6), rounded and bearing thick setae 308-3 | I tibia I, retrolateral 308 Ydyrapora sooretama comb. n., holotype (MNRJ 18435), lacking modifications 309 Avicularia hirschii, paratype (SMF 57125), thicker setae on a dis- crete elevation 310 Caribena laeta comb. n. (AMNH PR), developed branch 311 Avicularia avicularia (MNHN-AR 4894), well-developed branch. Scale bars = 1 mm. Arrow indicates discrete elevation. Carapace: 1.24 times longer than wide; cephalic region raised. Fovea: deep, re- curved, 1.6 wide. Eyes: eye tubercle 0.6 high, 1.8 long, 2.5 wide. Clypeus absent. Anterior eye row procurve, posterior slightly recurve. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.60, ALE 0.43, PME 0.28, PLE 0.30, AME-AME 0.34, AME-ALE 0.32, AME-PME 0.16, ALE-ALE 1.78, ALE—PME 0.65, PME—PME 1.49, PME-—PLE 0.07, PLE—PLE 1.94, ALE-PLE 0.54, AME-PLE 0.42. Maxilla: length to width: 1.76. Cuspules: 128 spread over ventral inner heel. La- bium: 1.3 long, 1.8 wide, with 61 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other on anterior half. Labio-sternal groove shallow, flat, sigilla not evident. Chelicera: basal segment with 12 teeth, second, fourth and fifth the larger; parallel basal row of six tiny teeth on promargin. Sternum: 5.5 long, 4.5 wide. Sigilla: anterior pair not evident, the other ellipsoidal, less than half diameter from margin; posterior one time and half the diameter of the middle. Legs: Formula: I=IV II III. Length leg IV to leg I: 1.04. Clavate trichobothria: 2/3 distal tarsi I-IV. Leg coxae with spiniform setae; absent on leg I and prolateral leg II, 158 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) 312 314 315 Figures 312-315. Male palpal bulb prominence in Avicularia, frontal. 312 Avicularia minatrix (MZUSP 70949), absent 313 Avicularia caei sp. n. holotype (MPEG 015637), weakly-developed 314 Avicularia avicularia (MPEG 2534), developed 315 Avicularia variegata stat. n. (INPA 4897), well-developed. Scale bars = 1 mm. Arrows indicate groove that forms bulb prominence. poorly developed on retrolateral leg I, prolateral and retrolateral leg HI and prolateral leg IV. Scopula: tarsi I-IV fully scopulate. Metatarsi I-II fully scopulate; III 4/5, IV 1/2 distal scopulate. IV divided by a row of setae. Type II urticating setae: 0.77—0.88 long, 0.014—0.018 wide. Palp (Figs 285-288): globous bulb with small subtegulum lacking prominence on tegulum. Embolus: flattened, bearing three sharp keels: a prolateral superior on its distal half; a prolateral inferior for full embolus length; and an apical for two-thirds of embolus length. Embolus 1.5 long in retrolateral view. Medial portion and tegulum’s margin form an acute angle in retrolateral view. Proximal part slightly curved in fron- tal view; thin distal width, tapering distally; basal, middle, and distal width of 0.44, Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 159 316 317 319 Figures 3 16-319. Embolus tip of male palpal bulb. 3 16-317 tip narrowing abruptly 316 Avicularia avicularia (MNRJ 13659A), frontal view 317 Avicularia variegata stat. n. (INPA 4897), dorsal view 318-319 tip tapering 318 Caribena versicolor comb. n. (MNHN-—AR 4904), frontal view 319 Ybyrapora diversipes comb. n. (IBSP 119271), dorsal view. Scale bar = 1mm. Arrow indicates point of abrupt narrowing. 0.37, 0.18, respectively. Tegulum: 1.31 long, 1.18 wide in retrolateral view. Cymbium subtriangular with subequal lobes. Cymbium with well-developed rounded process on retrolateral lobe, bearing thick setae (Fig. 289). Tibial apophysis (Figs 290-292): single branch on prolateral leg I, with well-developed base and grouped spiniform setae distally. Male metatarsus I touches retrolaterally tibial apophysis’ setae when folded. Color pattern (Fig. 294): carapace dark brown covered with abundant light brown short body setae especially on its margins. Legs, palps and chelicerae dorsally brown covered with light brown short body setae. Legs and palps with brown long guard- setae. Leg rings on distal femora, tibiae and metatarsi whitish. Abdomen dorsally dark brown with light pattern. Coxae, labium, sternum, maxillae and legs ventrally brown with light brown setae. Tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi ventrally darker. Abdomen ventral- ly greyish, distal third darker. Living specimens shows intense metallic pinkish short body setae over carapace, dorsal legs and palps. Abdomen is dorsally black with lighter leaf pattern. Color pattern ontogeny. See Bertani and Huff (2013) (Fig. 293). Distribution. Dominican Republic (Fig. 226). Natural history. See Bertani and Huff (2013). 160 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) — 320 322 Figure 320-323. Male palpal bulb characters. 320 Lasiodora sp., retrolateral, left palp 321-323 an- gle between medial portion of embolus and tegulum’s margin in retrolateral view 321 Pachistopelma \/| — 323 bromelicola, right palp, very acute angle 322 Iridopelma hirsutum (IBSP 8077), right palp, obtuse angle 323 Avicularia avicularia, right palp, acute angle (MNRJ 13659A). Scale bars = 1 mm. Red bars show angle between tegulum’s margin and embolus medial portion. Cladistics Searches using NONA (hold 10000, mult*500, hold/1000) resulted in 6 cladograms and their strict consensus (Nelsen, L= 229, CI = 41, RI= 67) is shown in Figure 324. The consensus cladogram is almost completely resolved. It shows Aviculariinae as non monophyletic, since Ephebopus spp., Psalmopoeus sp. and Tapinauchenius sp. are in a separated clade as the sister group of Phlogiellus sp. (Selenocosmiinae). Antillena rick- westi comb. n. is the sister group of Poecilotheria sp., and both taxa could be considered as aviculariines. The genus Avicularia is paraphyletic in this analysis, as A. minatrix is recovered apart from the other species and as one of the most basal taxon of Aviculari- inae. The Avicularia clade is supported by two homoplastic characters, the presence of prominence on tegulum (character 44, state 1) and male palpal bulb with embolus me- dial portion and tegulum’s margin form an acute angle in retrolateral view (character 51, state 1). The genus is the sister group of (/ridopelma (Pachistopelma + Caribena gen. n.)). With Piwe, we found one or two cladograms with each concavity used (Table 3). Use of implied weights and different concavities resulted in more than one cladogram topol- ogy. The topologies obtained using concavities 1 (Suppl. material 1: concavity 1) and 2 Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 161 M. santuario 42 O— H. rondoni 1 15 7 13185056 OOOO P muticus aanaites 35 101756 nooo— Phlogiellus sp. 21011 ry 206768 102141 O OO— F. murinus AD 1 ae 2 1 i i) § 2327 L_) ooo S E. uatuman 211 17133 @ 2489 Psalmopoeus sp. eves O “4 142 . . Tapinauchenius sp. 11 1 155767 oo Pterinochilus sp. tat 3 2433650768 omoeoo- P vulpinus 4243 131922 2444 : ! 5 15165057 . v1 | 4 47sess Haplopelma sp. , BOCK ] 1418244860 noom— Lasiodora sp. 11011 5253 23 1321304748 m oOooosooO— F. olivacea 1110112 1617 3247 ws 0000 Poecilotheria sp. 11 1 5869 3848505861 0 O0000— A. rickwesti comb. n. tt 12101 0262 — Stromatopelma sp. a1 mr Lo 7 A. maculata Sh 1121354446 s pOOOOO— TF. seladonia oo113 r 6 M37 COCO £ 5253 41970 114 r eran no 42 00 112 O- f. costae 50 1 0 3568 r | 27 OO T. curumim 1124 OO— 7. paschoali 245061 274951 ites an OOO— A. minatrix 111 21384651 o0o00- ¥. diversipes comb. n. 243670 2130 0 33444968 e21 2s p00 F seoretama comb. n. A 10 ' Loe ¥ gamba comb. n. 12 : 2550 03 C. laeta comb. n. 4 374451 Ee) OO0— C. versicolor comb. n. 111 es 2326 o siezeres70 (Le Pe rufonigrum CHL) {HHL} Z a 373858 4 0:5:0,0°% P. bromelicola CH) o10 I. zorodes 245970 21202770 OO OOOo- I. katiae sti 0013 2 Oo I. hirsutum 1 ar! Pa I, vanini {_} ° ats 2 I. olivetrai e@2 I. marcoi A, purpurea babs A, merianae sp. n. CC) 1 . ae A, hirschii 252627 39% { _} aa rt 108 1 | «# pte A. lynnae sp. n. Oy] 4s 28 A. caei sp. n. a 33 O— A. taunayi 49 . 45 A, variegata stat, n. 1 252930 = A, juruensis e768 A. avicularia : 324 ge A, rufa Figure 324. Strict consensus of 6 trees obtained with NONA and all characters as non-additive. Black square = synapomorphy, white square = homoplasy. Length = 229, CI = 41, RI = 67. 162 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) Table 3. Length, fit and number of cladograms obtained using implied weights and different concavities on Piwe. Concavity Length 2 2, 400.4 238 3 a es ae 236 4 ee a aed 234 5 6 487.1 232 503.4 230 (Suppl. material 2: concavity 2) are very similar, differing only in the relationship inside Typhochlaena genus; the one obtained with concavities 3 (Suppl. material 3: concavity 3) and 4 (Suppl. material 4: concavity 4) are very similar, differing only in position of Po- ecilotheria sp. and A. rickwesti comb. n. The topologies obtained with concavities 5 (Suppl. material 5: concavity 5) and 6 are very distinct from the others. In topologies obtained using concavities 1 and 2, Aviculariinae is recovered as paraphyletic since A. rickwesti comb. n. is in a clade with Poecilotheria sp., Haplopelma sp. and Lasiodora sp., genera belonging to three different theraphosid subfamilies. The clade (Ephebopus (Psalmopoeus + Tapinauchenius)) was not recovered as basal group, but in a more derived group of Aviculariinae. The genus Avicularia is recovered as polyphyletic, with Avicularia minatrix in a basal position as the sister group of most Aviculariinae genera. Avicularia purpurea and A. merianae sp. n. were recovered in a distinct clade in the middle of aviculariine, and the clade with A. hirschii, A. lynnae sp. n. and A. caei sp. n. is in a trichotomy with Caribena gen. n. and Pachistopelma + I. marcoi. The topologies obtained using concavities 3 and 4 are very similar, differing in the position of A. rickwesti comb. n. and Poeciolotheria sp. In topology obtained with concavity 4, they form a clade inside Aviculariinae; in concavity 3, A. rickwesti comb. n. is in a clade with some genera of the outgroup, making Aviculariinae paraphyletic. Their topologies resemble those obtained with concavities 1 and 2, differing mainly in position of the clade Ephebopus (Tapinauchenius + Psalmopoeus), which is basal in Aviculariinae with concavities 3 and 4, and differing in A. minatrix position, which is basal in Aviculariinae with concavities 1 and 2. The topology obtained with concavity 5 resembles the topology obtained using concavity 6. It differs mainly in 7yphochlaena position, which is recovered as a inner eroup of Avicularia, as well as in A. rickwesti comb. n. position, which is the sister group of most aviculariine genera. In agreement with other studies (Ramirez 2003, West et al. 2008, Bertani 2012), the shortest cladogram with highest fit on Piwe was obtained when using concavity 6 (Table 3, Fig. 325) and it is chosen as the preferred cladogram, of which the main discussion is done (Tables 4—5). In some cases, discussion about specific clades can include comments about topologies obtained with different concavities. Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 163 fas M. santuario ae H. rondoni 2 Pterinochilus sp. 1 88: el ER 7 P vulpinus 46-—4 Haplopeima sp. 5 lk sa 6 Lasiodora sp. es Poecilotheria sp. OE. olivacea 1. - ae 3P. muticus i “Lag =e pea ae 7 fa Psalmopoeus sp. ea] sol bode “°L_43 Tapinauchenius sp. 14 E. murinus iam . E. uatuman & al SI. 0 Stromatopelma sp. 1H. ee 18 T. costae 1 83. a2 10 19 L curumim 17 fT amma bi 16 TF. seladonia - mL 20 TF. paschoali 82 817—43 A. minatrix 03/21 | 0.3/40 80 Fie A purpurea ibe, ane a A, merianae sp. n. 42 A. hirschii i wn SL A, lynnae sp. n. 45 A, caei sp. n. 37 A. taunayi Lag a! A, avicularia “ae ay 39 A rufa 36 A. variegata stat. n. us i A, juruensis ats meal A, saaphiars comb. n. ‘(rd C. laeta comb. n. ie “Tet ““L_30. C. versicolor comb. n. c3 I. marcoi eal 21 PB rufonigrum ‘S| 22 P bromelicola be rs ¥. diversipes comb. n. 6 WAT 13/57 6 cia 31 ¥ sooretama comb. n. 32 ¥ gamba comb. n. oe I. zorodes ‘Kips I, katiae ee 25 J. vanini ‘| 617-23 L. hirsutum ““"l_97 I. oliveirai 1, Pah e ae 325 Figure 325. Single tree obtained with Piwe, all characters as non-additive and concavity 6. Fit = 5051.44 and length = 230. Bremer support values (absolute and relative) of each node are in red. In the preferred cladogram, Avicularia is monophyletic (node 81 in Fig. 325) and is composed of 11 species, plus A. glauca which was not included in the matrix: A. avicularia, A. minatrix, A. purpurea, A. hirschii, A. taunayi, A. juruensis, A. variegata stat.n.,A. rufa, A. merianae sp. n., A. lynnae sp. n. and A. caei sp. n. The sister-group of Avicularia is a clade formed by Anztillena gen. n., Caribena gen. n., Pachistopelma, Iri- dopelma and Ybyrapora gen. n. The characters supporting Avicularia clade are juveniles with black tarsi contrasting with other lighter articles (character 27, state 1) (Fig. 44), with a reversion in A. purpurea; spermathecae with accentuated outwards curvature medially (character 37, state 1) (Fig. 21) and male palpal bulb with embolus medial portion and tegulum’s margin form an acute angle in retrolateral view (character 51, state 1) (Fig. 323). All these characters are very homoplastic. The species A. minatrix was retrieved as the most basal species in Avicularia. Avicu- laria purpurea and A. merianae sp. n. are very similar species regarding body dimen- sions, spermathecae and cymbium morphology as well as geographic distribution area, 164 Table 4. Synapomorphies for cladogram of Fig. 325. Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) Taxa or Node | Character | Change | Taxa or Node Character Change 1>0 H. rondoni Nea 0-1 Node 56] 51 | 2-1 50 2-1 Pterinochilus y, Goal sp. ey OSe2 Oe 1-0 P muticus es — 0: Zh 2) eae 15 [0-1 35 | 0-1 Haplopelma sp. 16 0-1 Node 63 0-1 50 0-1 33 101 |Node64] 59 | 0-1 572 | |0S2 35 eal ey ai as 3 | 02 |. minainis nl ead ee 0-1 Phlogiellus sp. 10 1— 0 |A. hnnae sp. n. 28 Node 66 1-0 Le enero 45 se aa 14 0-1 2 1-0 C. laeta comb. n. 18 0-2 24 0-1 0:1 Lasiodora sp. Ree — OF Oi->¥h [0 O71 1—0 1—0 P vulpinus ike? Osh 0-1 21 ee] © fom roma [Node 76] 36 [o= [ai [Node77| 46 [23 7d rom [Node7s| 39 [10 Poecilotheria sp. | 0-1 |Node79| 38 | 0 1 0-1 Node 80 0-1 lene 6 OS Oa A, purpurea : 3 Ea 27 1—0 | Node 81 Ae Ost E. olivacea 3 aeP j cee, 5] ou Node 46 2i ev So? | ace 55 | 01 [Nodes2] 46 | 02 Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 165 Taxa or Node | Character | Change | Taxa or Node Character el if H. maculata oa 83 2 0-2 61 0-1 Psalmopoeus sp. rr ae ie adie 2— 1 | Node 84 44 1—0 sp. 3> 1 E, murinus 67 rot [Nodes] 9 1+2 a eS 24 le E. uatuman 21 12 Ppa 67 | 02 | Node 86, 45 | 0-1 2 | |eo 2 0>1 T. seladonia | 26 | 0-1 |Node51 E Roesale ‘ 2 ee 0>1 25 Poe 22 ea a en 06 PO oom T. amma 34 0-1 eid 322 Noss} 2h 0-1 0-1 | | 41 [om 23 0-1 0-1 27. 0 — 1 | Node 89 2-0 56 0-3 condition reflected in their close position on the cladogram, apart from most Avicu- laria species (node 76 in fig. 325). Node 78 (Fig. 325) is composed of A. hirschii, A. lynnae sp. n. and A. caei sp. n. They are very singular species, since they have discrete elevation on prolateral tibia cov- ered by a cluster of setae which clearly cannot be considered a branch (Fig. 309), and process on retrolateral lobe of cymbium covered by thin setae (the homoplasy that sup- ports the node) (Fig. 205). Both characters are distinct from those found in most species of genus. Characters related to genitalia are also singular in these species since males have very long embolus (A. /ynnae sp. n. and A. caei sp. n.) (Figs 202, 211 respectively) and females have twisted spermathecae (A. Airschii as in fig. 181). Despite all of these unusual features, this clade was recovered as belonging to Avicularia in the chosen clad- ogram as well as in the cladogram obtained using NONA (fig. 324). However, in the cladograms obtained using concavities 1—4, this clade formed a trichotomy with Caribe- na gen. n. and Pachistopelma + I. marcoi. Both A lynnae sp. n. and A. caei sp. n. females are currently unknown. Even without female characters on matrix, these three species T. costae T. curumim are retrieved together in all cladograms obtained, using equal or different weights. Thus, their close relationship is a robust hypothesis. However, the position of this clade inside Avicularia genus can change with the future inclusion on matrix of characters related to females of A /ynnae sp. n. and A. caei sp. n. There is also the possibility that this clade could be retrieved as a new genus. The clade defined by node 75 (Fig. 325) and having A. taunayi, A. avicularia, A. rufa, A. juruensis and A. variegata stat. n. is retrieved in all cladograms, with equal or 166 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) Table 5. Fits, Steps and Extra Steps for characters of cladogram of Fig 325. Character Fit Steps Extra Steps 0 7.5 36 10.0 2 0 1 aS 4 3 2 8.5 3 2 3 8.5 2 1 4 10.0 1 0 5 BS 3 2 6 6.6 4 3 7 = 2 1 8 — 8 7 9 8.5 4 2 10 8.5 1 9 11 7.5 1 0 12 10.0 4 2 13 8.5 3 2 14 — 7 5 15 8.5 6 4 16 8.5 2 1 17 5 2 1 18 8.5 3 2 19 10.0 1 0 20 — a 6 21 4.6 9 7 3 1 22 10.0 1 0 1 0 23 73 3 2 1 0 24 5.4 = = 25 6.0 0 26 6.6 4 3 1 0 Zh 5.4 6 1 0 28 7.5 3 Z Z 1 29 10.0 1 0 — — 30 10.0 0 31 =e eS Sl 7 5 32 10.0 2 0 10 8 33 4.0 10 9 4 1 34 i 5 2 4 1 35 oe a Se a different weights. The clade is supported by a single homoplasy, embolus tip narrow- ing abruptly (character 49, state 1) (Figs 316-317). Despite its fragile support on the cladogram, this group of species surely seems to be closely related, since bulb, cym- bium, tibial apophysis and spermathecae morphology are very similar. Adding to this, corporal size, habitat and geographic distribution area are alike. ‘The sister group of Avicularia is formed of Caribbean and Brazilian Atlantic rainforest aviculariine species. The result obtained indicates three new genera in Aviculariinae Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 167 (Fig. 325), which were, herein, described. Caribena gen. n. (node 65 in fig. 325) is composed of two Caribbean species, C. daeta comb. n. and C. versicolor comb. n. The synapomorphies supporting monophyly of the genus (node 65 in Table 4 and in Fig. 325) are the presence of cymbium with retrolateral sharp process (character 40, state 1) (Fig. 306), and presence of slender type II urticating setae, with more than 1 mm in length in females (character 63, state 1) (Fig. 243). This long and slender type II urticating setae also occur in males and immatures of both species. Caribena gen. n. is the sister group of Pachistopelma + I. marcoi in topology obtained when using concavity 6. In the topologies obtained using concavities 1-4, the clade Pachistopelma + I. marcoi forms a group with Caribena gen. n. as well as with the clade (A. hirschii (A. lynnae sp. n. + A. caei sp. n.)), resulting in a trichotomy. The other new genus, Ybyrapora gen. n. (node 68 in Table 4 and in Fig. 325), includes small aviculariine species of Brazilian Atlantic rainforest, Y. diversipes comb. n., Y. sooretama comb. n. and Y. gamba comb. n. Genus synapomorphies are the pres- ence of virtually non-sclerotized spermathecae (character 36, state 2), with accentuated outwards curvature medially (character 37, state 1, a homoplasy with Avicularia) (Figs 257-259), absent or weakly-developed tibial apophysis on leg I (character 56, state 1, a homoplasy with many Aviculariinae taxa) (Figs 308-309, respectively). This genus is retrieved as a monophyletic taxon and is the sister group of lridopelma (except I. marcoi, a special case discussed below) in all trees obtained using implied weight. In NONA analysis, the genus was also recovered as monophyletic, but as the sister group of (Avicularia Iridopelma (Pachistopelma + Caribena gen. n.))). Since its description, the classification of A. rickwesti comb. n. has been a point of discussion. At first, it was included in Avicularia genus since its inclusion in other aviculariine genera has no support due to the combination of characters other than spermathecae. The completely aspinose legs, procurve first eye row, digitiform distal article of the posterior lateral spinnerets and presence of urticating setae type II on abdomen dorsum indicate the species should be included in either the Avicularia or Tridopelma genera (Bertani and Huff 2013). The authors included it in Avicularia due to biological features in common with Avicularia species and due to the fact that /ri- dopelma only occurs in Brazil (Bertani and Huff 2013). As it was a very distinct species, researchers were waiting to collect a male to confirm or reject the classification of A. rickwesti comb. n. In this analysis, this species is always retrieved as a distinct and iso- lated taxon (node 34 in Table 4 and in Fig. 325), since it has very unusual combination of characteristics such as small embolus length in retrolateral view (character 46, state 1) (Fig. 286), embolus very flattened (character 48, state 2) and slightly curved (char- acter 50, state 1) (Fig. 287), and presence of prolateral superior, prolateral inferior and apical keels on palpal bulb (characters 52, 53 and 54, state 1) (Figs 285, 288). This is the only species in Aviculariinae that has keels in the male palpal bulb. In fact, general morphology of male and female genitalia of A. rickwesti comb. n. is unique and very distinct from the other Aviculariinae, but is frequently found in other subfamilies, such as Theraphosinae and Ornithoctoninae, and also in Poecilotheria spp. Antillena rickwes- ti comb. n. switches its position in different cladograms. In those obtained with con- 168 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) cavities 1 and 2, A. rickwesti comb. n. is the sister group of Poecilotheria (Haplopelma + Lasiodora), in a basal position of the cladogram, and out of Aviculariinae clade. Using concavity 3, it is also retrieved in a basal position, but its sister group is ((Poecilotheria + Encyocratela) + (Haplopelma + Lasiodora)). \n topologies obtained with concavities 4 and 5, A. rickwesti comb. n. is retrieved as the sister group of most Aviculariinae gen- era; in the topology obtained using concavity 4 it is combined with Poecilotheria, but it is alone in the topology obtained using concavity 5. However, in the preferred tree obtained using concavity 6 (Fig. 325), A. rickwesti comb. n. is retrieved as the sister group of Caribbean genera Caribena gen. n. and Brazilian Atlantic rainforest genera Pachistopelma, Ybyrapora gen. n. and Iridopelma. Thus, based on its isolated position on the cladogram, allied to its endemic occurrence in Dominican Republic, we decide to erect a new genus for this species, Antillena gen. n. The species 1. marcoi is a problematic taxon. Since many important characters for cladistic analysis such as tibial apophysis, cymbium process and palpal morphology as well as presence of tibial apophysis in tibia II (an usual sinapomorphy for /ridopelma) are exclusive to males, it is expected that the species would not be retrieved as part of the genus since its male is unknown. Besides this, 2. marcoi female does not have type II urticating setae on dorsal abdomen, a characteristic of most Aviculariinae species. Even though this type of setae is lacking in females, it could be present in males and immatures of this species, like in Pachistopelma species. Unfortunately, since males are unknown, this information is lacking in the analysis. On the other hand, as pointed out by Bertani (2012), the spermathecae shape, as well as some somatic characters indicate [. marcoi is, in fact, an [ridopelma species and the discovery of the male might confirm its position, solving this question. The composition of subfamily Aviculariinae (except A. rickwesti comb. n., see dis- cussion above) is the same in all trees obtained with equal or different weights, except in the topology obtained with concavity 4, in which Poecilotheria sp. is inside Avicu- lariinae clade. In the chosen cladrogram (Fig. 325), Aviculariinae subfamily is com- posed of genera Avicularia, Psalmopoeus, Tapinauchenius, Ephebopus, Stromatopelma, Heteroscodra, Typhochlaena, Pachistopelma, Iridopelma, Antillena gen. n., Ybyrapora gen. n. and Caribena gen. n. The present analysis differs from the last available Aviculariinae cladogram (Bertani 2012), in which the subfamily was not retrieved as monophyletic. In that cladogram, Aviculariinae was paraphyletic, the clade Encyocratella (Haplopelma + Poecilotheria) was the sister-group of Aviculariinae and the clade with Psalmopoeus, Tapinauchenius and Ephebopus spp. was the sister group of Pelinobius+ Phlogiellus. The cladogram obtained, herein, agrees with the one presented by West et al. (2008), in which the subfamily is retrieved as a monophyletic clade, supported by a single character—the presence of well-developed scopulae on tarsi and metatarsi very extended laterally, mainly those of legs I and II (Fig. 299). Here this character also supports the subfamily clade (node 85 in Fig. 325). The well-developed scopula also appears independently in Poecilotheria sp., but this can be a convergency related to the arboreal habit of specimens of Poecilotheria sp. and most aviculariine taxa. Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 169 In the analysis carried out here, the sister group of Aviculariinae is Phogiellus sp., a selenocosmiine species. They share presence of straight anterior row of eyes (character 0, state 1, with a reversion in a large internal clade and a posterior change to state 1 in Pachistopelma spp.) (Fig. 12), a developed prominence on tegulum of male palpal bulb (character 45, state 1) (Fig. 314) and leg IV roughly the same length as leg I (character 67, state 1, with some changes in internal clades). In the cladograms obtained with concavities 1 and 2, the sister group of Aviculariinae is Phlogiellus sp. + P muticus. However, Phlogiellus sp. is a controversial taxon. It is recovered in distinct positions in different cladistic analysis. In Guadanucci (2014), it forms a clade with Lyrognathus sp., Poecilotheria sp. (other controversial taxon) and Psalmopoeus sp., making Avicu- lariinae paraphyletic. In West et al. (2008), Phlogiellus sp. is also the sister group of Aviculariinae, but in Bertani (2012) this taxon is sister group of Pelinobius muticus and both form the sister group of the clade ((Psalmopoeus + Tapinauchenius) Ephebopus), making Aviculariinae paraphyletic. The inclusion of other Selenocosmiinae species in the cladistic analysis should confirm if subfamily is the sister group of Aviculariinae as suggested here. Many clades were recovered in all cladograms despite different approaches used. ‘The clades that can be considered very stable are the genera Ybyrapora gen. n., Caribena gen. n., Pachistopelma and Iridopelma (excluding I. marcoi, discussed above), all recovered as monophyletic using both approaches. Other clades as Typhochlaena, (E. murinus + E. uatuman + (Psalmopoeus sp. + Tapinauchenius sp.)); (Stromatopelma sp. + Heteroscodra sp.); and (A. taunayi ((A. variegata st. n. + A. juruensis)(A. avicularia + A. rufa))) were also recovered using equal or implied weights. The clade ((A. hirschii (A. lynnae sp. n. + A. caei sp. n.)) is recovered in all topologies except in that obtained using concavity 5. The decision of erecting new genera was done in order to preserve the taxonomic stability since these clades are recoverd as monophyletic in all topologies, although their relationship with other clades can change. Besides, the new genera have very distinct morphologic, geographic and ecologic characteristics from Pachistopelma and Tridopelma, which were recently revised and are well-stablished genera (Bertani 2012). The decision of considering Caribena gen. n. species as belonging to Pachistopelma (an endemic Brazilian genus which lives exclusively inside bromeliads) and Ybyrapora gen. n. species as being /ridopelma species, or consider all the species of the three new genera as Pachistopelma would cause more taxonomic problems in future analyses if they are recovered as non-related distinct lineages. Mygalomorph species are one of the most problematic taxa among spiders for reliable species delimitation (Hamilton et al. 2014). Understanding species limits in any taxonomic group is a complex and a researcher’s biased task (Satler et al. 2013), especially when based on morphological traits. It requires examination of as many specimens as possible, familiarity with sisters groups’ morphology and knowledge of distribution and variation of the characters used in taxonomy of the specific group. Mygalomorph spiders are morphologically conserved at shallow phylogenetic levels, so, it is very difficult to delimit species’ boundaries and consequently to describe a new species based on morphological aspects (Hamilton et al. 2014, Hendrixson et al. 170 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) 2015). This is even moreso relevant when there are few specimens available to analyze, which is the case of most mygalomorph species. It is common to decide not to describe a new species because there is no sufficient morphological evidences to do so. Thus, it is not a surprise when we note many new species of a previously morphologically analyzed taxon being detected when using molecular approaches (Hedin and Carlson 2011; Hendrixson and Bond 2005; Starret and Hedin 2007). A good example of a cryptic biodiversity discovery was by Hamilton et al. (2011), when they studied Apho- nopelma genus. It is a widespread and specious taxon that has received little attention and “has been largely reliant upon sparse and sometimes poorly defined morphological data” (Hamilton et al. 2011). Avicularia seems to be exactly the same case. Avicularia spermathecae, male palpal bulb, and tibial apophysis shape as well as somatic charac- ters (except coloration traits) are very similar among different populations. Thus, as occurring with Aphonopelma (Hendrixson et al. 2015), it is very probable that we can only access the real Avicularia diversity when we use multiple approaches for an ac- curate definition of species boundaries. Morphologically cryptic species are an increasingly recurrent problem on tradi- tional zoological taxonomy (Satler et al. 2013). Here we detected that boundaries of many Avicularia species, especially Avicularia avicularia, could not be delimited using the current morphological tools and data. It is necessary to find new morphological characters and, combined with molecular, geographic and ecological data, to do a more extensive and integrative analysis of Avicularia. An accurate assessment of species-level diversity is essential not only to special- ists; it plays an important role in studies of ecology and biodiversity and consequently in conservation decisions and policy (Hendrixson and Bond 2005; Hamilton et al. 2011) as well as in the suitable species’ exploration for developing new technologies, materials, and ideas to confront environmental, medical, and engineering challenges (Wheeler et al. 2012). A more precise taxonomy and the proposal of a strongest phy- logenetic hypothesis especially for theraphosid spiders are very urgent since constant habitat destruction and high rate of pet trade are pressing problems for spiders popula- tions (Bond et al. 2005; Hamilton et al. 2011). Acknowledgements We are especially grateful to Rick West for his continued support to our work in so many and important ways. We would like to thank collegues who kindly loaned specimens for study and/or allowed examination of collections under their care, as well as colleagues who helped with field data and specimens collected: Adriano Kury (MNRJ), Alexandre Bo- naldo (MPEG), Augusto Henriques, Regiane Saturnino and Ana Lucia Tourinho (INPA), Arno Lise (PUCRS), Artur Nishibe Furegatti (ZUEC), Charles Griswold (CAS), Chris- tine Rollard (MNHN-AR), Diana Silva (UA), Eduardo Flérez (ICN—AR), Francisco Provenzano (MIZA), Gonzalo Giribet and Laura Leibensberger (MCZ), Janet Beccaloni (BMHN), Jason Dunlop and Anja Friederichs (MNHP), Mariajosé Deza Bouroncle (UA), Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... see Mats Eriksson (UUZM), Norman Platnick, Lorenzo Prendini and Lou Sorkin (AMNH), Paulo Motta (DZUB), Peter Jager and Julia Altmann (SMF), Ricardo Pinto da Rocha (MZUSP), Carlos Viquez (UCR), Cléria Mendonca de Moraes, Fred Pallinger, César Alexandre and Marco Anténio de Freitas. We would also like to thank the many people whose photographs improved the paper: Saymon Albuquerque, Marlus Almeida, Marco Antonio de Freitas, Flavio Pimenta, Antonio Tosto, Jason Newland, Tanya Stewart, Wil- lian Lamar, Hans-Werner Auer, Martin Gamache, Jeremy Huff, Rick C. West, Ronald N. Baxter, and the late Werner Bokermann. We thank Laboratério de Microscopia of Instituto de Fisica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, for SEM images. We thank all curators and collegues such as Fritz Geller-Grimm, Ingo Wendt, Volker von Wirth, Jorge Mendoza, Jorge M. Canfas, Laura Miglio, Ray Gabriel, Martin Huber, Dirk Weinmann, Jean Michel Verdéz, Chris Hamilton, Pascal de Bleeckere, Olivier Boilly, Patrick Maréchal, Dr. S. Fiiting, and Alex Zanotti who shared information about specimens and type locations and photographs or papers. We would like to thank Prof. Dr. Eduardo Navarro and Maria Beatriz Ribeiro for helping with Tupi language. 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Elzevier, Leiden, 434 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.63844 184 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1-185 (2017) Supplementary material | Tree obtained with Piwe, all characters as non-additive and concavity 1 Authors: Caroline Sayuri Fukushima, Rogério Bertani Data type: molecular data Copyright notice: This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODDbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited. Supplementary material 2 Tree obtained with Piwe, all characters as non-additive and concavity 2 Authors: Caroline Sayuri Fukushima, Rogério Bertani Data type: molecular data Copyright notice: This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODDbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited. Supplementary material 3 Tree obtained with Piwe, all characters as non-additive and concavity 3 Authors: Caroline Sayuri Fukushima, Rogério Bertani Data type: molecular data Copyright notice: This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited. Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818... 185 Supplementary material 4 Tree obtained with Piwe, all characters as non-additive and concavity 4 Authors: Caroline Sayuri Fukushima, Rogério Bertani Data type: molecular data Copyright notice: This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited. Supplementary material 5 Tree obtained with Piwe, all characters as non-additive and concavity 5 Authors: Caroline Sayuri Fukushima, Rogério Bertani Data type: molecular data Copyright notice: This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODDbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.